Planting techniques of Tomato

Tomatoes, also known as tomatoes, persimmons, the ancient name of June persimmon, good news three yuan. In Peru and Mexico, it was originally called "wolf peach". The fruit is rich in nutrition and has special flavor. It has the effects of losing weight, eliminating fatigue, increasing appetite, improving digestion of protein, reducing stomach distension and food accumulation, etc. Every 100 grams of fresh fruit contains about 94 grams of water, 2.5-3.8 grams of carbohydrates, 1.2 grams of protein 0.6-1.2 grams, 20-30 milligrams of vitamin C, as well as carotene, mineral salts, organic acids and so on.

Requirements for environmental conditions

1. Temperature: the best temperature for tomato growth and development is 24026 ℃. Under the condition of low temperature below 5 ℃ or high temperature above 40 ℃, tomato will stop growing.

2. Light: tomato is a light-loving crop and is sensitive to light. Sufficient light, strong plant growth, thick stem, strong resistance; lack of light, it will cause overgrowth, less flowering, falling flowers and fruit, and so on.

3. Moisture: tomato is a deep-rooted crop, afraid of both drought and waterlogging, good soil drainage, low groundwater level, and uniform water supply.

Cultivation techniques of Tomato

1. Sowing time: generally spring sowing from late January to February and autumn sowing from July to August; summer planting has high temperature, weak plant growth, many fallen flowers, difficult fruit setting, serious disease, and easy to fail; winter planting is only suitable for the southern plain or low-altitude hilly area of our city, sowing from October to early November.

2. Seed disinfection: seed disinfection is an effective measure to reduce the spread of diseases. During disinfection, the seeds can be wrapped in gauze, soaked in 50 ℃ water (the temperature remains the same) for 10 minutes or 10% sodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, rinse with clean water, then soak in 30 ℃ warm water for 2 hours and dry.

3. Seedling management: it should be determined according to different climatic conditions, such as winter planting or early spring seedling should be protected against cold, covered with plastic film of small arch shed, while summer and autumn seedling should be protected from high temperature and rainstorm, and covered with sunshade net. In the process of raising seedlings, it is necessary to apply proper topdressing, generally combined with watering, and sprinkle with rotten urine water or 0.1%-0.2% urea water. At the same time, at the seedling stage, chlorothalonil was sprayed with 1000 times of dimethoate for 3 times.

Soil preparation and planting

Tomato planting sites should choose places where rice was previously planted or where crops such as Solanaceae, peanuts, soybeans, sesame seeds, radishes and so on have not been planted. Apply sufficient basic fertilizer before planting, 1000 kg of rotten pig and cow manure and 50 kg of superphosphate can be used per mu, which are evenly sprinkled on the border surface and mixed with soil preparation. The size of the bed can be 1.3 to 1.7 meters with trench, two rows of planting, plant spacing of 40 to 50 centimeters, and double trunk pruning. There is plenty of sunshine in the early planting, which can be planted in close density, with 1500 to 2000 plants per mu. Or can use single stem, plant distance of 20cm to 25cm, planting about 3000 plants per mu. In winter, tomatoes should be cultivated with plastic film mulching. Due to the inconvenience of topdressing, it is especially emphasized to apply sufficient base fertilizer at one time during soil preparation, and mainly with late-acting organic fertilizer. Other measures are basically the same as open field cultivation.

Field management

1. Fertilization: tomato is a vegetable that grows and bears fruit one after another. In addition to applying sufficient basal fertilizer, there should be sufficient topdressing. Generally, topdressing begins after the restoration of planting potential (within 1 week after planting), every 8-10 days, before the result, the amount of urea should not exceed 5 kg per mu. After the fruit of the first ear was enlarged, heavy fertilizer was applied properly. When the fruit of the second and third ear was enlarged, more nutrition was required, topdressing should be heavy, the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be increased appropriately, and topdressing in the later stage to ensure the continuous growth of the fruit of the 4th, 5th and 6th ear. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, the total amount of topdressing per mu of tomato is 50 kg of urea, 70 kg of potash fertilizer or 100 kg of compound fertilizer plus 30 kg of potash fertilizer.

2. Water management: planting in deep ditches and high borders, and opening ditches around the fields. When watering, it should be better to irrigate plant by plant, and less irrigation should be used in the whole field. If you want to irrigation, should be carried out in the evening, and horse race water is appropriate, stay in the ditch for 1-2 hours and then drain to keep the soil moist. As irrigation is very easy to cause the spread of bacterial wilt, it should be used less.

3. Soil cultivation and weeding: soil cultivation is an indispensable work for growing tomatoes, which generally requires soil cultivation for 2 or 3 times, combined with fertilization and weeding. Weeds can be covered with cultivated soil to reduce root damage caused by pulling weeds.

4. Scaffolding and binding vines: when the tomato grows to 30cm to 40cm high, the bracket should be inserted before binding the vine.

5. pruning, topping, flower and fruit thinning: only one trunk is left in the single trunk, and all the other lateral branches are removed; in addition to retaining the trunk, the lateral branches extracted from the axils of the first leaf under the first inflorescence are retained, and all the other lateral branches are removed. Due to many fruits, if the tomato grows during the term of office, there will be uneven fruit size and more secondary products, so thinning flowers and fruits should be carried out. In general, each branch can leave 5-7 fruits.

Pest control

Bacterial wilt and late blight are the main diseases affecting tomato production. The prevention of diseases should be given priority, and strict preventive measures should be taken in all aspects of production. Such as tomato branch binding, removal of lateral buds and other operations, it is very easy to cause the spread of diseases. Tomato field operations should be carried out when the weather is clear and sunny, and should be avoided on rainy days.

1. Ralstonia solanacearum: it is easy to occur under the condition of high temperature and humidity. At the beginning, the stem and leaf suddenly appear like water loss, the leaf droops, the whole plant withered, but still remains green; the vascular bundle turns brown when the stem is cut open, and the prevention and control methods are as follows.

① implements crop rotation, preferably as a non-Solanaceae, and rice rotation.

The appropriate application of lime in ② acid soil is helpful to restrain the reproduction of bacteria and reduce the damage.

③ should strengthen fertilizer and water management, cultivate in high border and deep furrow, and prevent flood irrigation and series irrigation.

The field inspection was strengthened in the early fruit stage of ④. Once the diseased plants were found, the diseased plants were removed, collected and burned, and the disease holes were disinfected with 20% raw lime water. At the initial stage of the disease, the roots were irrigated with 200ml / L agricultural streptomycin or other antibiotics, 0.5 kg per plant, once every 7-10 days, for 3-4 times.

2. Late blight: all leaves, stems and fruits are susceptible to disease, and most of the susceptible leaves occur from the leaf tip or leaf edge, turquoise, watery, and gradually brown, so that the whole leaf turns brown and rotten; on the susceptible stem, the disease spot is dark brown, slightly sunken, rotten, and finally the upper part of the plant wilts, breaks and dies. Most of the fruit is susceptible to the disease near the stalk, and when it is serious, the whole fruit turns brown and rotten. Under wet condition, the disease part produces obvious white mildew, the prevention and treatment methods are as follows.

① avoids excessive close planting and lack of ventilation, especially early planting because of less sunshine and high humidity.

② high border planting to avoid stagnant water in the field.

③ uses 58% Ruidu Manganese Zinc wettable powder or Pulick 600x liquid and copper oxychloride 800x solution alternately, starting to set fruit and spraying once every 7 days, and spray control immediately after it rains and clears.

3. Helicoverpa armigera, tobacco worm, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua: in the hatching period, the larvae have not yet eaten into the fruit for real-time control.

① is sprayed alternately with 5% Yitaibao 2000 times solution, 20% methamphetamine 2000 times solution, 2.5% kung fu 3000 times solution, 10% Xingmianbao 2000 times solution and so on, which has a good effect in the morning and evening.

When ② finds that the damaged fruit (that is, the worm has drilled into the fruit), it should be removed manually and then sprayed comprehensively.

4. Liriomyza huidobrensis: Liriomyza huidobrensis is a serious pest in recent years, which can be sprayed with 20% Kangfuduo 4000 × 6000, 1.8% pest and 2000 times, 40% Qixingbao EC 600 × 800 times.