Cultivation techniques of Lentinus edodes

Lentinus edodes, also known as mushroom, Xiangxin, Zizania latifolia, vertebral antler, belongs to the genus Lentinus edodes of the order Pleurotus ostreatus. The artificial cultivation of Lentinus edodes has a history of more than 800 years in China. Lentinus edodes has been cultivated by "flower-cutting method" for a long time, which is a natural inoculation method. It was not until the mid-1960s that pure bacteria were cultivated and the artificial inoculation method was used. In the mid-1970s, the substitute block cultivation method appeared, and then developed into the plastic bag cultivation method, and the yield increased significantly. At present, China is the largest country in the production of Lentinus edodes in the world.

Lentinus edodes is a famous edible and medicinal fungus with rich flavor and rich nutrition. It contains 18 kinds of amino acids and 7 kinds are necessary for human body. Ergosterol, which can be converted into vitamin D, can enhance the body's anti-disease and prevent colds; lentinan has anti-tumor effect; adenine and choline can prevent liver cirrhosis and vascular sclerosis; tyrosine oxidase has the effect of lowering blood pressure; double-stranded RNA can induce interferon production and has antiviral effect. The folk use Lentinus edodes for detoxification, tonifying stomach qi and treating wind and blood. Lentinus edodes is one of the traditional export special products of our country, and its first-grade product is flower mushroom.

Biological characteristics

1. Morphological characteristics.

The hyphae of Lentinus edodes are white, fluffy, with transverse septum and branches, multi-lock union, kink into a network after maturity, and form a brown membrane after aging. The fruiting body is medium to slightly large. The cap is 5-12 cm in diameter, flat hemispherical, with involute edges, spreading gradually after maturity, dark brown to dark cinnamon, with dark scales. The mushroom meat is thick and white. Pleats white, dense, curved, unequal. The stipe is mesophytic to partial, white, solid, often curved, 3-8 cm long and 0-5 cm thick; the middle ring is narrow, easy to break and disappear; there are fibrous white scales below the ring. The spores are oval, colorless and smooth.

2. Living conditions

① nutrition: Lentinus edodes is a woody fungus. Lentinus edodes uses cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectin and starch as carbon sources for growth and development, but it can be absorbed and utilized only after the corresponding enzymes are decomposed into monosaccharides. Lentinus edodes uses a variety of organic and inorganic nitrogen as nitrogen sources, small molecular amino acids, urea and ammonium can be absorbed directly, while macromolecular protein and peptone need to be degraded and absorbed. The mycelium growth of Lentinus edodes also needs a variety of mineral elements, among which phosphorus, potassium and magnesium are the most important. Lentinus edodes also needs auxin, including a variety of vitamins, nucleic acids and hormones, most of which are self-satisfying and only vitamin B1 needs to be replenished.

② temperature: the optimum temperature for mycelium growth of Lentinus edodes is 23-25 ℃. Lower than 10 ℃ or higher than 30 ℃ hinders the growth of Lentinus edodes. The suitable temperature for fruiting body formation is 10-20 ℃, and a diurnal temperature difference of more than 10 ℃ is required. At present, the Lentinus edodes varieties used in production can be divided into three temperature types: high temperature type, medium temperature type and low temperature type. The optimum temperature of Lentinus edodes is 15: 25 ℃, 7: 20 ℃ and 5: 15 ℃.

③ moisture: the moisture needed by Lentinus edodes includes two aspects, one is the water content in the culture medium, the other is the air humidity, and its suitable amount varies according to the different cultivation methods of substitute and sectional wood.

[substitute cultivation] the water content of culture material in long mycelium stage is 55%-60%, the air relative humidity is 60%-70%; the water content of culture material in mushroom stage is 40%-68%, and the air relative humidity is 85%-90%.

[section wood cultivation] the water content of culture material in long mycelium stage is 45% ~ 50%, the air relative humidity is 60% ~ 70%, and the water content of culture material in mushroom stage is 50% ~ 60%, and the air relative humidity is 80% ~ 90%.

④ Air: Lentinus edodes is an aerobic fungus. In the growth environment of Lentinus edodes, due to poor ventilation, excessive carbon dioxide accumulation and lack of oxygen, mycelium growth and fruiting body development will be significantly inhibited, which accelerates the aging of mycelium, and the fruiting body is easy to produce deformities, which is also conducive to the growth of miscellaneous bacteria. Fresh air is a necessary condition to ensure the normal growth and development of Lentinus edodes.

⑤ light: the growth of mycelium of Lentinus edodes does not need light, the mycelium grows well in complete darkness, and strong light can inhibit the growth of mycelium. The fruit body should scatter light in the growth stage, the light is too weak, the mushroom is few, the flower is small, the stalk is slender, and the quality is secondary, but the direct light is harmful to the fruit body of Lentinus edodes.

⑥ pH: the growth and development of Lentinus edodes mycelium requires a slightly acidic environment, the pH value of the culture material can grow at 3-7, and 5 is the most suitable, and the growth is very slow or stops growing when it exceeds 7 or 5. The optimum pH value for the occurrence and development of fruiting body is 3.5-4.5. In production, the pH value of cultivation material is often adjusted to about 6 or 5. High temperature sterilization will reduce the pH value of the material by 0.3 to 0.5, and the organic acid produced in the mycelium growth will also decrease the pH of the cultivation material.

Cultivation techniques of Lentinus edodes

There are two cultivation methods of Lentinus edodes: section wood cultivation and substitute cultivation. The commercial quality of mushroom cultivated with section wood is high, and the ratio of input to output is also high, which can reach 1 ∶ 7: 10, but it needs a lot of wood, so it is only suitable for development in forest area. The input-output ratio of substitute cultivation is only 1 ∶ 2, but the production cycle of substitute cultivation is short, the biological efficiency is also high, and it can make use of all kinds of agricultural wastes and can be widely developed in urban and rural areas. The one-time input of substitute cultivation is large, and the cost is high. This chapter focuses on the cultivation technology of substitute materials.

The main results are as follows: 1. The arrangement of sowing time and the selection of bacteria: at present, greenhouse is mostly used as the place for Lentinus edodes production in northern China, which is greatly affected by climatic conditions and highly seasonal. The sowing date of Lentinus edodes should be determined according to the local climatic conditions. Lentinus edodes production in Beijing is mostly sown in summer and produced in autumn, winter and spring. Since the beginning of autumn mushroom production is in mid-September, the specific sowing time should be in early July and early June. Medium temperature type or medium temperature type cryogenic strain should be selected. However, due to the summer sowing Lentinus edodes in the season of high temperature and humidity, miscellaneous bacteria pollution is difficult to control, so winter sowing Lentinus edodes has been developed in recent years. Generally, the seeds are produced at the end of November and early December, sown at the end of December and early January, and go into the shed to produce mushrooms in the middle of March. The strains of medium temperature type or medium temperature high temperature type were mostly used.

2. The preparation of cultivation materials: cultivation materials are the substrate for the growth and development of Lentinus edodes and the material basis of life, so the quality of cultivation materials directly affects the success or failure of Lentinus edodes production as well as the yield and quality. Due to the different organic material resources in different places, the cultivation materials used in Lentinus edodes production are also different.

① several kinds of cultivation material preparation its ingredient to 100kg, according to the production scale increase or decrease.

A, sawdust 78%, wheat bran (fine rice bran) 20%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%, plus urea 0, 3%. The water content of the material is 55% and 60%.

B, sawdust 78%, wheat bran 16%, corn flour 2%, sugar 1%, 2%, gypsum 2% ~ 2%, 5%, urea 0, 3%, calcium superphosphate 0, 5%. The water content of the material is 55% and 60%.

C, sawdust 78%, wheat bran 18%, gypsum 2%, calcium superphosphate 0, 5%, magnesium sulfate 0, 2%, urea 0, 3%, brown sugar 1%. The water content of the material is 55% and 60%.

The preparation of the above three kinds of cultivation materials: first mix gypsum and wheat bran, then mix with sawdust, dissolve sugar and urea in water, sprinkle evenly on the material, spill with shovel, and sweep repeatedly on the material surface with bamboo broom.

D, cottonseed hull 50%, sawdust 32%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 1%, calcium superphosphate 0, 5%, urea 0, 5%, sugar 1%. The water content of the material is about 60%.

E, bean straw 46%, sawdust 32%, wheat bran 20%, gypsum 1%, sugar 1%. Water content of the material is 60%.

F, sawdust 36%, cottonseed husk 26%, corncob 20%, wheat bran 15%, gypsum 1%, calcium superphosphate 0, 5%, urea 0, 5%, sugar 1%. Water content of the material is 60%.

The preparation of the above three kinds of cultivation materials: weigh various ingredients according to quantity, first add water and mix well the cottonseed husk, soybean stalk, corncob and other materials with a material-water ratio of 1 ∶ 1, 4: 1, 5, so that the material can be thoroughly watered; dry mix gypsum and calcium superphosphate with wheat bran and sawdust, and then mix evenly with cottonseed husk, soybean stalk or corncob which have been mixed with water. Dissolve the sugar and urea in water and mix them into the material. At the same time, adjust the moisture of the material and mix it evenly with a shovel and a bamboo broom. There can be no dry granules.

Several problems that should be paid attention to in ② batching

Sawdust refers to the sawdust of broad-leaved trees, that is, hardwood chips. Old sawdust is better than fresh sawdust. Before batching, the sawdust should be screened to remove the coarse sawdust to prevent breaking the plastic bag, the thickness should be moderate, and the over-fine sawdust will affect the ventilation in the bag. In the sawdust cultivation material, 10%-30% cottonseed husk should be added to increase production, but the proportion of cottonseed husk and corncob in the cultivation material is too large, and it is easy to break the bacterial column when taking off the bag and producing mushroom. The wheat bran and urea in the cultivation material should not be added too much, otherwise it is easy to cause the mycelium to grow too long and it is difficult to change color to produce mushrooms. Wheat bran and rice bran should be fresh, not caked or moldy. The bean stalk should be powdered into a coarse bran, and the corncob powder into a particle the size of a bean grain.

The water content of Lentinus edodes cultivation materials should be slightly lower than that of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation materials, and the production should be generally controlled at 55% and 60%. Slightly lower water content is conducive to the control of miscellaneous bacteria pollution, but after the first tide of mushrooms, it is necessary to replenish water to the bacteria column in time, otherwise it will affect the mushroom production. Due to the different degree of dryness and wetness of raw materials and the difference of soft and hard thickness, the ratio of material to water is also different. The general ratio of material to water is 1 ∶ 0,9: 1 and 3, which varies greatly. Therefore, when each batch of material is used for batching for the first time in production, the water content should be determined after mixing, and an appropriate ratio of material to water should be determined.

A, hand test method: will mix the cultivation material, grasp a hard grip, finger seams can not see water, stretch out the palm material to form a ball.

B, drying method: weigh 500g of the mixed material accurately, spread it thinly on the enamel plate, dry it at a temperature of 105℃, bake until the weight of the dry material is no longer reduced, weigh the dry material. When the water content of the material (%) = wet material weight-dry material weight × 100 ingredient, adding 0% and 1% carbendazim (refers to the effective ingredient) with water is beneficial to prevent miscellaneous bacteria pollution.

3. Bag planting technology of Lentinus edodes.

Bag cultivation of Lentinus edodes is the most representative cultivation method of Lentinus edodes substitute cultivation. Although the specific operation is different in different places, the reason is the same.

Common abnormal phenomena and treatment methods in the process of color conversion of ①

A, the color is too light or does not change color all the time: if the bacterial column is exposed to sunlight or dry wind when taking off the bag, causing the surface of the bacterial column to be dry, spray water to the bacterial column, restore the humidity on the surface of the bacterial column, cover the film, reduce the times of ventilation and shorten the ventilation time, ventilation can be done once or twice a day for 10 minutes each time. If the relative humidity of the space air is too low or the temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or higher than 28 ℃, timely humidification and temperature control measures should be taken to keep the humidity in the border at 85%-90% and the temperature at 15-25 ℃ as far as possible.

B, the mycelium on the surface of the bacteria column has been growing vigorously, and it does not lodge or change color when it is up to 2 mm: the reason for this phenomenon is hypoxia, although the temperature is suitable, but the humidity is too high, or the nitrogen content of the culture material is too high. This needs to extend the ventilation time and let the light shine on the bacterial column, increasing the difference between dry and wet on the surface of the bacterial column, forcing the hyphae to lodge. If it still has no effect, the bacterial column can be sprayed with 3% lime water and dried until the surface of the bacterial column is not sticky and slippery, and then cover the film to restore normal management.

C, the mycelium is dehydrated, and there is a sting on the surface of the bacterial column by hand: the relative humidity of the air and the humidity on the surface of the bacterial column can be increased by spraying water, so that the relative humidity of the air in the film can be kept at 85%-90%.

D. About two days after bagging, the tumorous mycelium on the surface of the bacterial column produced bubble expansion, local flake shedding, or partially detached from the bacterial column to form a hanging shape: the main reason for this phenomenon was due to external force injury or high temperature (28 ℃), or it may also be due to early bagging, insufficient bacterial age and immature hyphae, which could not adapt to the changing environment. The solution is to strictly control the temperature at 15: 25 ℃, the air relative humidity 85% to 90%, to promote the growth of new hyphae on the surface of the bacteria column, and then to promote its color change.

E. When it is found that the bacterial column is contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria, the bacterial column can be sprayed with Ⅱ-type carbendazim 1 ∶ 500 times solution, once a day for 3 days. After each spray, dry a little and then cover the film.

In addition to taking off the bag and changing color, some people use the method of acupuncture micro-hole ventilation to change color, and take off the bag to produce mushrooms after changing color. Some do not take off the bag, when the Lentinus edodes fruiting body primordium appears around the inoculation hole of the bacterial bag, cut the plastic bag around the primordium with a knife to expose the primordium, and carry on the mushroom production management. After the first tide of mushrooms, the whole bag changed color, and then took off the bag to soak in the water to produce the second tide of mushrooms. These color conversion methods are simple and moisturizing, and can reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria in the high temperature season.

② mushroom management: after Lentinus edodes column changed color, the mycelium matured completely and accumulated rich nutrients. Under the stimulation of certain conditions, it quickly changed from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, resulting in fruiting body primordium differentiation and growth and development, that is, entering the fruiting stage.

A, bud induction: Lentinus edodes belongs to variable temperature and fruiting fungi, and a certain temperature difference, scattered light and fresh air are beneficial to the differentiation of fruiting body primordia. During this period, the mulch on the bed is generally removed, and the temperature of the mushroom greenhouse should be controlled at 10-22 ℃, with a temperature difference of 5-10 ℃ between day and night. If the natural temperature difference is small, the temperature difference can be artificially enlarged by means of daytime and night ventilation. The air relative humidity is maintained at about 90%. When the conditions are suitable, the brown bacterial membrane on the surface of the bacterial column will appear white cracks in 3-4 days, and the mushroom buds will grow soon. During this period, it is necessary to prevent too low space humidity or lack of water in the bacteria column, so as not to affect the formation of fruiting body primordia. When this happens, it is necessary to increase water spraying, each time after spraying water to dry until the surface of the bacteria column is not sticky and slippery, but only damp, covered with plastic film to moisturize. Should also prevent high temperature, high humidity, in order to prevent miscellaneous bacteria pollution, rotten bacteria column. Once there is high temperature and high humidity, it is necessary to strengthen ventilation and reduce temperature and humidity.

B. Management of fruiting body growth and development period: after mushroom bud differentiation, it enters the growth and development stage. The temperature of fruiting body growth and development of Lentinus edodes strains with different temperature types is different. Most strains can grow and develop fruiting body in the temperature range of 8-25 ℃, and the optimum temperature is 15-20 ℃. The fruiting body grows well under constant temperature. The relative humidity of the air is 85% and 90%. As the fruiting body grows up, the respiration is strengthened, and the accumulation of carbon dioxide is accelerated. It is necessary to strengthen ventilation, keep the air fresh, and have a certain amount of scattered light. The beginning of Lentinus edodes sowing in summer is in autumn. The northern autumn is crisp in autumn, the climate is dry, the temperature changes greatly, the bacteria column just begins to produce mushrooms, the water is sufficient, the nutrition is rich, the mycelium is strong, and the focus of management is to control temperature and maintain humidity. If the temperature is high in early autumn, the greenhouse should be covered with sunshade, ventilated and sprayed to cool down; when the temperature is low in late autumn, the temperature should be increased during the day. If the strong light affects mushroom production, you can hang a sunshade net in the greenhouse in mid-air and add a heat preservation curtain at night. When the space relative humidity is low, water spray is mainly sprayed to the wall and space to increase the air relative humidity. When the fruiting body grows until the bacterial membrane has been broken, the cap has not been fully extended, the edge is rolled in, the bacterial fold is all elongated, and changes from white to brown, the fruiting body has medium well, it can be harvested. When harvesting, one hand should hold the bacterial column and the other should hold the base of the fungal stalk and rotate and pull it out. After the whole mushroom is harvested, it should be ventilated once, when the weather is dry, it can be ventilated for 2 hours; on cloudy days or when the humidity is high, it can be ventilated for 4 hours to dry the surface of the fungus column, and then stop spraying water for 5-7 days. Let the hyphae fully rejuvenate and grow, and the concave hyphae left by picking mushrooms turn white, and then replenish the bacteria column. The method of replenishing water is to first use No. 10 iron wire to pierce a hole in the center of each end of the bacterial column, up to 1 inch 2 of the length of the bacterial column, and then pierce 3 holes equidistant from the side of the bacterial column, then discharge the bacterial column in an immersion pool, put a plank on the bacterial column, press the plank with a stone block, and soak it in clean water for about 2 hours, and it is appropriate to soak the bacterial column in water (the weight of the bacterial column is slightly lower than that before mushroom production). Impermeable bacteria column insufficient moisture, excessive water immersion is easy to cause bacteria column rot, will affect the emergence of mushrooms. After rehydration, the bacteria column will be re-discharged in the border, repeat the previous management method of budding and mushroom production, and prepare the second tide of mushrooms. After the second tide mushroom harvest, or stop water, replenish water, repeat the previous management, generally out of 4 tide mushrooms. Sometimes the water content of the mixture is too large, and the temperature and humidity are suitable when the mushroom is produced. When the mushroom column comes out of the first tide, the water loss is small, and the water can be replenished without immersion, but after the first tide mushroom is harvested and stopped for 5-7 days, the mycelium is sprayed with water directly to let the fungus column absorb naturally, increase the water content, and then repeat the previous management of budding mushroom emergence. When the second tide mushroom is harvested, soak the fungus column to replenish water. The immersion time can be longer. In the future, every time a tide of mushrooms is harvested, it will be replenished with water.

In the north, the winter temperature is low, the fruiting body grows slowly, and the yield is low, but the mushroom meat is thick and the quality is good. The focus of this season management is to keep warm and increase temperature, increase light during the day, cover grass curtain at night, light a fire if possible, ventilate at noon, and keep the temperature in the greenhouse above 7 ℃ as far as possible. Can spray water to the space, the wall to adjust humidity, less directly spray water on the bacteria column. If the temperature is low and can not produce mushrooms, the relative humidity of the greenhouse should be controlled at 70%-75%, and the bacteria can survive the winter.

The climate in spring is dry and windy. At this time, the bacteria column after the emergence of mushrooms in autumn and winter, due to the loss of water, lack of water, mycelium growth is not as exuberant in autumn, the focus of management is to replenish water to the bacteria column, soaking time 2-4 hours, often spraying water to the wall and space, the air relative humidity is maintained at 85%-90%. Early spring should pay attention to heat preservation and temperature increase, ventilation should be appropriate, ventilation can be carried out after spraying water, ventilation time should be controlled, and temperature and humidity should not be reduced.

Bag planting method of Lentinus edodes sowed in ③ in Winter

Lentinus edodes is sown in summer, which is in the season of high temperature and humidity, so it is difficult to inoculate and cultivate bacteria, and it is easy to be contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria or burn bacteria at high temperature. For Lentinus edodes sowing in winter, medium-temperature and medium-high temperature Lentinus edodes strains should be used as mother seed in late October, original seed in early November, cultivated seeds at the end of November and early December, and sowing in January. The plastic tube of 17cm × 35cm is used as the cultivation bag, and the operation methods of mixing, bagging, sterilization and inoculation are basically the same as in summer. The room or greenhouse which is convenient for heating and heat preservation is selected as the bacterial bag culture place. The bacterial bag must be disinfected in space before entering the bacterial bag. The bacterial bag "#" line is inoculated and the hole is lined up laterally. Each line can be 6-7 layers, 4 behavior is one side, and the length is not limited. There is a walkway between the square and the square. At the beginning, the room temperature should be controlled at about 2526 ℃, and the wind should be ventilated every three days when the temperature is high at noon. When the mycelium of the inoculation hole was more than 8 cm in diameter, the bag was turned and micropores were pierced for the first time when the mycelium was cultured in the bag for 13-15 days. Before turning the bag, spray 2% Lysu water or disinfect the space with an oxygen atom disinfector, replace the two rows of high-temperature bacterial bags in the middle of each side, and the bacterial bags on both sides to the middle, so that there is little difference in the temperature of each bag and the mycelium grows neatly. When turning the bag, remove the bags contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria, and at the same time, for the bags without contamination by miscellaneous bacteria, place micropores 2 cm away from the front of mycelium growth, and the micropores are 1 cm deep, and there are 3 holes in the mycelium of each inoculation hole. After turning the bag and piercing the hole for the first time, the mycelium growth increased, so the room temperature should be controlled at about 24 ℃. At this time, there is a wind at noon every 2 days. After 12-13 days, the bag was turned for the second time, and a circle of micropores were inserted on each mycelium 2 cm away from the mycelium growth front, about 5-6 holes with a depth of about 2 cm. At this time, the room temperature should be controlled at about 23 ℃. Attention should be paid to shading during the whole training process. If the bacterial bag with a specification of 17cm × 35cm is inoculated at 4 o'clock, the bag will be full in about 45 days, and then continue culturing. When the surface of the bacterial column in the bag expands, when the tumor appears on the area of 2pm 3, it can go in and out of the mushroom shed, take off the bag and change color to produce mushroom.

Generally speaking, in the middle and late March, the bacterial bag can go into the greenhouse to produce mushrooms. The border should first be made in the greenhouse, 1cm or 2m wide and 15cm deep. The greenhouse should disinfect the space with sulfur or formaldehyde, sprinkle lime powder on the ground, cover the border with a layer of furnace ash or sand, remove the plastic bag from the long bacterial bag in the greenhouse, row the bacterial column spacing 2 cm in the border, fill the gap between the bacterial column (garden soil 60% + furnace ash 40%, dry), then adjust 5% formaldehyde water to hand-hold into a ball. Fall to the ground is scattered, pile up to cover the film for 2 days of reuse, you can also use 10 cm below the surface of the fertile loam). At the top of each column, the soil layer is exposed by 2 cm, and the soil is brushed off with a soft long-haired brush. The border is arched with bamboo, covered with plastic film, insulated and moisturized, and changed color. The color change of Lentinus edodes sowed in winter is in late March, with low temperature, low relative humidity and windy air. The focus of management is heat preservation, moisturizing and light ventilation. Mushroom management is the same as before. After the first tide mushroom was harvested, the greenhouse was ventilated for 1 hour, and after stopping spraying water for 4-5 days, the border was sprayed with heavy water again to replenish the water content of the bacterial column. The management after April should pay attention to shading, cooling and insect prevention. The advantage of this cultivation method is that the bacteria column can replenish water and part of nutrients at any time in the soil, eliminating the process of soaking bags to replenish water. At the same time, it should also be noted that because the mushroom column is only the top of the mushroom, so the mushroom area is relatively small, if the mushroom density is high, the mushroom body is often crowded and deformed, resulting in a decline in quality, so the buds should be thinned in time when the mushroom buds are too dense to ensure the quality of mushrooms. In addition, the mushroom body is very close to the ground, and it is easy to touch the sand, which will also affect the commercial quality of mushrooms. When spraying water, you should spray gently and carefully, so as not to splash the bacteria on the soil.

Processing and fresh-keeping

When Lentinus edodes is harvested, it should be gently placed in a plastic basket and cannot be extruded and deformed, then remove the impurities on the mushroom body, pick out the residual mushrooms, cut off the stalk base, and according to the size, thickness and water content of the mushroom cover, put it on the bamboo curtain or Reed mat and place it in a ventilated place. Should be processed in time, stacked together for a long time will reduce the quality.

1. Drying of Lentinus edodes

①, sun-drying: stop spraying water directly on the mushroom within 2-3 days before harvest, so as not to cause excessive water content of fresh mushrooms. When the mushroom is ripe, the bacterial membrane has just broken, and the edge of the cap is rolled inward in the shape of a gong, it should be harvested in time. It is best to harvest on a sunny day. After harvest, the handle base is cut off with stainless steel scissors, and classified according to the size, thickness and water content of the bacterial cover, the bacterial folds are spread upward on the Reed mat or bamboo curtain and dried in the sun. It usually takes about 3 days to dry the feet. The sun-drying method of Lentinus edodes is simple and the cost is low, but in the early stage of sun-drying, the active substances such as enzymes in the mushroom can not lose their activity immediately and have a certain role of "post-ripening", which affects the quality of the goods. In case of cloudy and rainy days, it is difficult to sun up qualified commercial mushrooms. In addition, the flavor of sun-dried Lentinus edodes is not as strong as that of dried Lentinus edodes, which has an impact on commodity value.

②, drying: freshly harvested Lentinus edodes are cleaned immediately, cut off the stalk base, classified according to the size and thickness of the mushroom cover, the bacterial folds are spread down under the bamboo screen, and the hole of the screen is not less than 1 cm. First preheat the dryer to about 45 ℃ to reduce the humidity in the dryer, and then put the bamboo sieve on the drying rack. Small thick mushrooms, mushrooms with low water content are placed on the upper shelf, thin mushrooms and medium mushrooms with medium cap are placed in the middle of the shelf, and large and thick mushrooms or mushrooms with high water content are placed on the lower layer of the shelf. The temperature in the machine decreased gradually, and the initial baking temperature was 35 ℃ for dry Lentinus edodes and 30 ℃ for wet Lentinus edodes. At this time, the water content of the mushroom body is large, and the surface water evaporates rapidly after heating. In order to accelerate the water evaporation, the air inlet and exhaust port of the dryer are fully open to increase ventilation and discharge water vapor, so as to fix the upright folds and prevent lodging. At this time, the baking temperature is not easy to be high, otherwise the mushroom body is easy to bake black and steam. It is necessary to discharge water vapor in time to prevent the appearance of free water on the mushroom surface, so as not to affect the color and flavor of Lentinus edodes, and it is not easy to dry. When baking, the temperature increases by 5 ℃ every 3 hours, and when the baking temperature rises to 45 ℃, the moisture evaporation of the mushroom body decreases. At this time, the air inlet and exhaust port of 1 ℃ 3 can be closed. After baking enters the drying period of the mushroom body, after maintaining for 3 hours, open the door of the box to change the position of the upper and lower layers of the drying screen, so that the drying degree of each layer is the same. After that, the temperature rises by 5 ℃ every hour, and when the temperature rises to 50 ℃, close the air inlet and exhaust port of 1 ℃ 2. When the temperature rises to 55 ℃, the fold and the edge of the cap have been completely dried, but the stalk is not dry enough, so the heating should be stopped and the baking temperature should be reduced to about 35 ℃. At this time, the temperature in the mushroom was higher than that on the surface of the mushroom, which accelerated the diffusion of water from the mushroom to the surface of the mushroom. Reheat and bake 4 hours later, when the temperature rises to 50: 55 ℃, open the air inlet and exhaust port of 1 stroke 2, keep it for 3-4 hours, close the air inlet and exhaust port, control the baking temperature at 60 ℃ for 2 hours, and then reach the foot dry.

③, sun-drying combined with drying: freshly harvested fresh shiitake mushrooms are trimmed, spread out on a bamboo screen and exposed to the sun for 6-8 hours. The mushroom body is initially dehydrated and then baked. This can reduce the baking cost and ensure the quality of dried mushrooms.

Storage of ⑤ and dried Lentinus edodes: the moisture content of dried Lentinus edodes is less than 13%, and the handle is easy to break and make a crisp sound. But it is not easy to be too dry, otherwise it is easy to break. Dried Lentinus edodes is easy to absorb moisture and return to moisture, so it should be packed in double-layer plastic bags according to classification grade and weight, then packed in cardboard boxes, placed in cool, dry and shaded places with room temperature of about 15 ℃ and air relative humidity of less than 50%, to prevent rats and insects, and to check storage frequently.

2. Preservation of Lentinus edodes

There are many methods to keep Lentinus edodes fresh, including quick freezing, cold storage, chemistry, controlled atmosphere, microwave and so on.

①, dehydration, cold storage and preservation of Lentinus edodes, stop spraying water 10 hours before harvest, harvest when 78 is ripe, carefully remove impurity, remove handle base, grade according to customer requirements, then put mushroom pleats down on the mat or bamboo curtain, air in the sun, air in autumn and spring for about 3-4 hours, and strong sun in summer for 1-1, 5 hours. The dehydration rate of Lentinus edodes after drying is 25%-30%, that is, 100 kg fresh Lentinus edodes is 70 kg-75 kg after drying. At this time, the handle of the mushroom is moist and the fold shrinks slightly. Graded and quantitatively packed in cartons, fresh-keeping bags on box jackets, then packed in cartons and stored at 0 ℃.

②, sealed package refrigerated fresh-keeping Lentinus edodes after selection and trimming, the bacterial folds are packed upward into plastic bags and stored at about 0 ℃. It can be kept fresh for about 15 days, which is suitable for sale in shopping malls of choice.

Integrated control of diseases, insect pests and miscellaneous bacteria

1. Strictly control the strains: after determining the excellent varieties used in production, whether the strains are contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria is the most basic condition for high-quality bacteria. High quality bacteria can be determined by visual observation and culture. Where the mycelium is stout and the bottle cork has a unique flavor, it can be regarded as a high-quality strain. If there are conditions, it should also be sampled and cultured, and the viability of mycelium can be checked at the same time.

2, strictly control the processing of good bacterial bags: plastic bags should choose polypropylene plastic bags with uniform thickness, no trachoma, strong elasticity, high temperature and high pressure, and the culture material must not be too wet, the ratio of material to water is 1 ∶ 1.1 to 1.2; the loading is loose and tight, the upper and lower table is the same; the mouths of both ends of the bag should be fastened and fused with flame, when making bacterial bags in high temperature season, you can use 1 ∶ 800 times carbendazim solution to mix materials to control miscellaneous bacteria.

3, strictly control sterilization: atmospheric pressure sterilization should stabilize the temperature in the stove at 100℃ and last for 8 hours; when the bacteria bag in the pot is discharged, there should be a gap in the middle to make the steam flowing bacteria bag heated evenly; to avoid cooling midway due to reasons such as replenishing water or burning fire; it must be completed within 8 hours from mixing to sterilization, and the temperature of the stove should not rise to 100 ℃ for more than 5 hours from the beginning of sterilization to avoid material fermentation deterioration.

4. Do a good job in environmental sanitation: purify the air to minimize the density of miscellaneous bacteria spores in the air, which is the most active and effective way to reduce miscellaneous bacteria pollution. Bottling, disinfection and cooling, inoculation, culture room and other places, all need to do a good job of daily cleaning and hygiene. Centralized cleaning should be carried out after the rainstorm. Persist in cross-spraying or spraying 0,2% soapy water or 3% calcium carbonate solution, 5% formaldehyde, 50% carbendazim solution and 5% lime water in the air and ground every day to burn or immerse the waste and pollutants in the medicine tank in time to prevent pollution of the environment and air.

5. Strict aseptic operation: the inoculation room should be strictly disinfected, the bacteria should be pre-treated before inoculation, the bacteria bottles should be sealed with alcohol lamp flame during the inoculation process, the inoculation tools should be sterilized by flame, and the bacteria should be kept as a whole as far as possible. avoid personnel walking and talking when inoculating, clean up the waste in the inoculation room in time, and keep the room clean.

5. Scientific arrangement of inoculation season: the inoculation season must be arranged scientifically according to the temperature requirements of mycelium growth and fruiting body occurrence of Lentinus edodes. Early inoculation or high temperature climate in summer and autumn not only significantly increased the pollution rate, but also disadvantageous to the mycelium growth; too late inoculation, although the pollution rate was lower, but the growth period of autumn mushroom was shortened, affecting the yield. The inoculation was best when the daily average temperature was about 25 ℃. When the summer temperature is on the high side, the vaccination time should be arranged from midnight to the next morning.

7. Improving environmental factors: the speed and severity of the occurrence of miscellaneous bacteria depend to a large extent on various environmental factors, especially when the mold on the cultivation block or tube of Lentinus edodes should be ventilated. Temperature, humidity and other environmental factors are conducive to the growth and development of Lentinus edodes, Lentinus edodes mycelium vitality, strong resistance, miscellaneous bacteria are not easy to occur, on the contrary, miscellaneous bacteria will take advantage of the void and occur rapidly. Therefore, in the daily management work, as far as possible to create suitable environmental conditions for the growth and development of Lentinus edodes is also a very important preventive measure.

8. Reduce the occurrence of mold when the hyphae are not healed: take the measures of closing the doors and windows (quantitatively opening the window and ventilating several times), removing the covered film, and then covering it after controlling the mold. If mold occurs in individual cultivation blocks, do not rush to deal with it, wait for the hyphae to heal, but need to increase the number of times to lift the film, and strengthen ventilation and cooling in the cultivation room. The mold occurs on the surface of the cultivation block or fungus tube and has not yet been fed into the material. Generally, the lime water of pH 8: 10 can be used to wash the mold on it, change the pH and inhibit the mold growth. If the mold is serious and has reached into the material, the mold can be dug up, and then the cultivated species can be added. The cultivation block or fungus tube with particularly serious mold can be taken outdoors, rinse the mold with clean water, dry for 2-3 days, and then spray 0,5% peracetic acid (CH 3COOH) to achieve significant control effect.

9. Strengthen inspection: in the season of high temperature, the discharge of bacterial bags in the culture room should not be too high and too dense, so as not to stop growing or scald the hyphae at high temperature, affecting the rate of finished products. Five to six days after the bacteria were sent, combined with turning the pile, the bags should be carefully checked one by one, and the contaminated bags were immediately taken out. For lightly polluted bacterial bags, 20% formaldehyde or 5% carbonic acid or 95% alcohol can be injected into the contaminated area, and then pasted with disinfectant tape. The bags seriously polluted by Penicillium and Trichoderma were sterilized and inoculated again after adding appropriate amount of new materials, and the bags contaminated with Streptomyces were buried in time. In addition, it is necessary to prevent rodent control, avoid indirect pollution by rats, centrally dispose of contaminated and discarded bacterial bags, and never throw them everywhere so as not to cause repeated infection.

10. Main pest control: the main pests harmful to Lentinus edodes in bag cultivation are mites and nematodes. During the period of indoor culture, it was mainly caused by mites, and in the later stage, it was mainly nematodes. When pests occur in the culture room or cultivation field, pesticides with high efficiency and low toxicity can be sprayed. The special insecticidal mites at 1:1, the insecticidal emulsion at 1:50 and the marathon emulsion at 1 ∶ can achieve good results in controlling nematodes.