High-yield planting techniques of Capsicum

Pepper is a kind of eggplant fruit vegetable, which is "chili" and "sweet and spicy". People are used to dividing chili into "spicy pepper" and "micro-chili" according to the severity of spicy taste. Chili is a favorite vegetable and condiment for Chinese people, and it has even become a special hobby of people in some provinces (regions), and it has gradually spread to urban and rural areas all over the country. Pepper is rich in nutrition and has high medicinal value. According to the determination, the content of auxin An and B in pepper fruit is higher than that in cucumber, tomato, eggplant and other fruits. In particular, the content of vitamin C is 4-7 times higher than the above vegetables, every 100 grams of fresh pepper contains vitamin C 170-360 mg, up to 460 mg. As a condiment, chili pepper contains capsaicin, which can strengthen the spleen and appetizer, increase appetite, help digestion, and has medicinal functions such as expelling cold and dehumidification, relaxing blood and activating collaterals. it also has a certain curative effect on arthritis, frostbite, green snake bite, axillary odor and so on, so it is known as "healthy food".

With the acceleration of the adjustment of planting structure, the planting area of pepper in our county is increasing year by year. In the planting mode, based on plastic film pepper to greenhouse pepper development, and also broke the original single vegetable pepper-based, gradually large-scale development of three cherry peppers. In order to cooperate with the pepper production in our county and meet the technical needs of farmers, this paper focuses on the cultivation techniques of plastic film pepper, greenhouse pepper and three cherry pepper after autumn.

Morphological characteristics of Pepper

1. Root: the main root of pepper is not very developed, the number of root is small, and the soil is shallow. The root group is generally distributed in the deep topsoil layer of 25~30cm. Under the condition of seedling transplanting, because the main root is cut off, the main root group is only distributed in the thick soil layer of 10~15cm. The regeneration ability of root system is weak, and adventitious root is not easy to occur at the base of stem. For this reason, root protection should be adopted as far as possible when raising and transplanting seedlings.

2. Stem: the stem of pepper is Lignified, tough, can grow upright, and does not need a support in cultivation. According to the branching and fruiting habits of pepper, it can be divided into two types: infinite branching and limited branching. At present, most of the chili peppers produced in our county are infinitely branched, that is, when the main stem grows to 7 Mel 15 true leaves, the stem tip begins to form buds, and then gradually grow lateral branches and two branches. Conventionally, the first fruit on the main stem is called "door pepper"; the two fruits on the second branch are called "pepper"; the four fruits on the second branch are called "four doors"; the eight fruits on the third branch are called "octagonal wind"; and then upward because there are more fruits, they are called "full sky stars". This type of pepper; in the first flower below the main stem and leaf axils can draw lateral branches; commonly known as "chicken feather leg", it should be removed as early as possible (commonly known as branching) to reduce nutrient consumption, conducive to ventilation and light. The branching rule of limited branching type (such as three cherry peppers) is that when the main stem grows to 14 murmur18 true leaves, the terminal bud forms a flower bud, which is branched from the axillary bud below the flower bud, which is called "lateral branch". When the lateral branch terminal bud forms flower bud, it produces lateral branches under the flower bud, which is called "secondary lateral branch". When the apical bud of the accessory branch forms a flower bud again, the plant stops growing and no longer bifurcates, commonly known as "capping".

3. Leaves: pepper leaves are simple, alternate, oval or long-oval, smooth and slightly glossy, longer when nitrogen is sufficient, wider when potassium is sufficient, too much nitrogen, long petiole when night temperature is too high, and petiole is short when night temperature is low; petiole is slightly curved and drooping when soil is dry; when soil water content is too high, it will make the whole leaf wilt and droop.

4. Flowers: pepper flowers are small, the color is white or green, infinitely branched varieties are solitary flowers, limited branched varieties are mostly clustered flowers. The first flower of capsicum generally appeared on the 15 nodes of the main stem, the node position of early-maturing varieties was low and that of late-maturing varieties was high. Pepper flower is a monoecious hermaphroditic flower, self-pollinated, and its natural hybridization rate is about 10%. It is a frequently pollinated crop.

5. Fruit: the fruit of pepper is a berry, and the shape of the fruit is lantern-shaped, square-shaped, thick-long horn-shaped, sheep-horn-shaped, linear-shaped and conical-shaped. Generally speaking, most of the varieties with infinite branches are sagging, a few varieties are oblique, and the varieties with limited branches are mostly growing upward.

5. Pepper fruit from flowering and pollination to commercial ripening takes 25ml 30 days, which is green, and the biological maturity is 50Mel 60 days, which is red. General varieties change directly from green to red when the fruit is ripe, but a few varieties change from green to yellow first, and then from yellow to red. As an ornamental cultivation, "colorful pepper" is due to the different color conversion period of the fruit on the same plant, resulting in several different colors. Generally, the large fruit type is lighter in spicy taste, the middle fruit type is more spicy, and the small fruit type and linear pepper are very spicy.

6. Seeds: mature pepper seeds are oblate, yellowish and glossy, with 1000-seed weight of 6-7g, average germination age of 4 years and service life of 2-3 years. There is an obvious difference between new pepper seeds and old seeds, with eyes: new seeds are light yellow, and slightly glossy, old seeds are yellowish, and the coat is red when stored for too long; smell with nose: new seeds have a strong sense of irritation, want to sneeze, old seeds are less irritating; bite with teeth, new seeds are spicy, while old seeds are light.

Environmental conditions for the growth and Development of Pepper

Pepper requirements for environmental conditions: sex like warmth, fear of cold (especially frost), but also avoid high temperature and exposure, like dampness and fear of waterlogging, more resistant to fertilizer. The details are:

1. Temperature: pepper likes temperature and is not tolerant to frost, and can grow within the range of 15-30 ℃. The optimum growth temperature is 23-28 ℃ during the day and 18-23 ℃ less than 15 ℃ at night. The plant grows slowly, it is difficult to pollinate, and it is easy to cause flower and fruit drop. Above 35 ℃, the flower is stunted or the stigma is dry and can not be fertilized. Even if fertilized, the fruit can not develop normally and dry. Therefore, hot pepper often does not set fruit when the temperature exceeds 35 ℃. Lowering the night temperature in full fruit period is beneficial to the fruit, even if it is reduced to 8 ℃ and 10 ℃, it can grow and develop well. During the summer fruit period, if the soil temperature is too high, especially if the strong light is directed to the ground, it is disadvantageous to the root system development. when it is serious, it can make the exposed root browning and die, and it is easy to induce virus disease. In a word, during the whole growth period, the temperature range of pepper is 12-35 ℃, and the suitable temperature difference is I0 ℃, that is, 26-27 ℃ in daytime, 16 ℃ at night, film mulching and heat preservation when less than 12 ℃, and watering when it exceeds 35 ℃.

2. Light: chili peppers like light, but are afraid of exposure to the sun. If the light is too strong, it is easy to cause sunburn; the light is weak, and the interrow is too closed, which is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits. Dark conditions are needed for seed germination, but good light is needed for plant growth. After autumn, pepper seedlings in greenhouse must be shaded so as not to induce virus disease and sunburn disease. Pepper belongs to short-day crop, but it has strong adaptability to light time, no matter the length of sunshine, as long as it has suitable temperature and good nutritional conditions. Flower bud differentiation can be carried out smoothly.

3. Moisture: pepper is neither drought-resistant nor waterlogged. Although the water demand of the plant itself is not large, but because the root system is not very developed, it needs to be watered frequently in order to grow well. Generally, the large fruit type varieties need more water than the small fruit type varieties. The amount of frost water of pepper is also different at different growth stages, and seeds need to absorb enough water to germinate. There is not much dew in the seedling stage, so the ground should be kept dry and wet. If the soil moisture is too high, the root system will be underdeveloped, and the plant will grow too long and delicate. In the early flowering stage, the plant growth is large, the water demand increases, but too wet will also cause flower drop; during the fruit expansion period, sufficient water is needed, and insufficient water supply affects fruit expansion, and if the air is too dry, it will also cause flower and fruit drop, therefore, supplying enough water and keeping the ground moist regularly is an important measure to obtain high quality and high yield.

4. Soil and nutrition: pepper can be planted on soils with different textures, but it is suitable for soils with high dryness, good drainage, thick soil layer and rich organic matter or sandy loam. Soil acidity and alkalinity should be neutral or slightly acidic.

From the perspective of pepper's life, the demand for N and K is large, but the need for p is less, and the proportion of N, P and K is 1: 1, 0.5: 1. Pepper seedling stage because the plant is young, absorb less nutrients, but the fertilizer quality is better. At the early flowering stage, the plant gradually develops and grows, but the amount of fertilizer required is not too much. In this stage, excessive application of N fertilizer should be avoided so as not to cause overgrowth of the plant and delay flowering and fruit setting. The full fruit stage is the period when the demand for N, P and K fertilizer is the highest, and the absorption of N, P and K accounts for more than 57%, 61% and 69% of the total absorption respectively. N fertilizer supplied branch and leaf development, while P and K fertilizer promoted root growth, fruit expansion and fruit color. The application of fertilizer in the full fruit period of hot pepper should be applied 2 days before harvest, generally applying fertilizer once per harvest.

High-yield cultivation techniques of Capsicum after Autumn

The cultivation of chili pepper in greenhouse after autumn is sown in summer, planted in autumn and harvested in winter, that is, seedlings are raised in shade in mid-late July, planted in the big grid when the seedlings have 10 true leaves in mid-late August, and gradually sealed in the greenhouse with the temperature turning cool in October, and then covered with grass curtains on the arch shed to concentrate on the hot pepper market during the period from New Year's Day to the Spring Festival. This planting model not only has the advantages of small investment, quick effect, and relatively simple cultivation technique (compared with greenhouse pepper), but also suitable for the scale development of villages and towns or village groups.

1. Variety selection

(1) the conditions that the variety should have.

① has strong resistance to stress and disease: the seedling period of pepper after autumn is in the summer of high temperature and humidity, which is prone to blight, virus disease, scab and defoliation caused by improper fertilizer and water management, so varieties are required to have strong disease resistance and disease tolerance.

② has good high yield: the pepper cultivated after autumn is rising in the market price, so it is not necessary to pay attention to the early maturity of varieties in spring cultivation, the varieties with good high yield of large fruit type should be selected, and the commercial character of large fruit type varieties is good, and the speed of fruit red ripening is slow.

③ is heat-resistant and cold-resistant: because the delayed cultivation of pepper in autumn is for summer sowing, autumn planting and winter harvest, the varieties with strong heat resistance and cold resistance should be selected.

The ④ plant type is compact, the fruit hanging rate is high, and the fruit setting is concentrated; because the pepper autumn delayed cultivation is to add a small arch shed in the plastic greenhouse, and generally take a centralized harvest (before the Spring Festival), so the variety must have the characteristics of short and compact plant type, short internodes and high fruit setting rate, and concentrated fruit setting, large and thick fruit, neat fruit, resistance to storage and transportation, and so on.

(2) main varieties

Bianjiao No. 1, plant height 52cm, opening degree 55cm, short Internode, compact plant type, mid-early maturity, beginning flower node 9-11 nodes, thick green leaves. The fruit is thick horn-shaped, long 14~16cm, coarse 5.5cm, single fruit weight 80-100g, fruit dark green, bright, moderate spicy, good commercial fruit. The fruit setting is concentrated and the yield is high in the early and middle stages. This variety has strong disease resistance, especially to virus disease.

Xiangyan 13: plant height 52. 5cm, development degree 64cm, medium maturity, yield, high fruit setting rate, large fruit straight, smooth fruit surface, good commercial and spicy. It is more resistant to blight, anthrax and virus in production.

In addition, there are Sujiao 5, Luojiao 4 and other varieties.

2. Cultivate strong seedlings

(1) Seedling raising time

The time of raising pepper seedlings after autumn is more strict. Sowing too early, the seedling stage lasting high temperature and rainy time is long, the seedling growth is weak, easy to grow, and easy to develop virus disease; too late, although the virus disease occurs slightly, but the late temperature is low, and the growth period and accumulated temperature of the upper fruit of the plant are not enough, affecting the yield and quality. Generally, it takes about 120 days from sowing to harvest. According to the early frost at the end of October, the suitable sowing time is mid-late July.

(2) selection of nursery bed

Pepper seedling bed must be selected in the field that has not planted eggplant fruits, melons, potatoes and other vegetable crops. The nursery bed must be a plot with high dryness, good ventilation and drainage, no weeds and rich soil organic matter.

(3) Seedling bed disinfection

The nursery bed tried to soak the stubble 20 days ahead of schedule. After digging in the sun, apply enough rotten organic fertilizer, then 1m2 seedbed mixed with 10g thiram plus 10g pentachloronitrobenzene or 10g 40% carbendazim plus 10g zinc sulfate, mixed with l0kg fine fluvo soil, evenly sprinkled on the surface of the seedbed, scratched back and forth with nails. Finally, 1m2 seedbed was evenly sprinkled with 10g carbofuran mixed with fine soil or 5g phoxim in water, and the l0--14cm depth was turned over with nails. It can effectively kill seedbed pathogens and control seedlings damaged by underground pests.

(4) preparation of nutritious soil

In order to make pepper seedlings grow in a fertile, loose and aseptic environment, it is generally required to prepare a certain amount of nutritious soil as far as possible when raising seedlings; the soil-fertilizer ratio of nutritious soil can be prepared at 5:5 or 6:4, that is, 5 or 6 parts of garden soil, 5 or 4 parts of fully mature organic fertilizer, generally do not use the same kind of vegetable soil when choosing garden soil, it is better to plant legumes, onions and garlic vegetables. In order to prevent infectious diseases, disinfection should be carried out after the preparation of nutritious soil. The common method is to mix 70% pentachloronitrobenzene powder with 50% thiram or 65% Dysen zinc wettable powder in the same amount and then disinfect it, and the general 1m3 nutrient soil mixture is 0. 12Murray 0. 15kg . This kind of nutrient soil 2 2cm 3 is used as seed cushion soil, and 1 stroke 3 is used as seed cover soil, which is generally 1-seed and 0 seed cover. 5~1cm .

(5) seed treatment.

Seed treatment is a link that can not be ignored in promoting seed development, improving seedling rate, cultivating strong seedlings, preventing seedling diseases and controlling the occurrence of virus diseases. its procedure is to dry seeds before disinfection.

① seed drying: seed drying can promote seed ripening, reduce seed water content, and improve the ventilation and water permeability of seed coat. Enhance the water absorption ability of the seed, at the same time, the seed embryo is exposed to the sun, and the vitality is improved. after sowing, the seed can absorb water quickly, swell and germinate, emerge quickly, the emergence rate is high, and can increase production.

To dry the seeds, choose a sunny day from 9: 00 a.m. to 3: 00 p.m., spread the seeds thinly on a Reed mat or dustpan and dry in a ventilated place for a day.

Soaking seeds with ②:

Step 1: soak the seeds in warm soup: put the dried seeds in a gauze bag, put them in warm water of about 55 ℃, keep stirring, soak for 6-8 hours after 15 minutes when the water temperature drops to 30 ℃, and then wash off the sticky substance attached to the seed coat.

The second step: soak the seeds in medicine solution: soak the seeds of warm soup into 10% trisodium phosphate aqueous solution (or 0. 5% potassium permanganate solution), be sure to soak the seeds and stir them frequently. After 15 minutes, take them out and rinse with clean water several times.

(6) sowing seeds

The first step is to flatten the covered soil and pour enough bottom water. Before sowing, one is to flatten the seedbed, the second is to evenly sprinkle the nutritious soil of 2 and 3 on the seedbed l~2cm, and the third is to pour enough bottom water.

The second step: after the water falls, the soaked chili seeds can be mixed with the right amount of dried seeds and spread evenly on the seedbed.

The third step: cover the seed and cover the remaining 1 Acer 3 nutrient soil on top of the seed. 5~lcm is thick.

Step 4: spray water, spray a thin layer of water with a spray can to make the seedbed moist.

The fifth step: cover with plastic film and spray water to moisturize the seedbed, first, cover the seedbed with plastic film first, second, cover the seedbed with grass mulch, and third, wet the mulch slightly with a sprinkler, which is conducive to moisturizing and seedling emergence.

(7) Seedling stage management

Seedling stage: the optimum temperature for pepper seed germination is 25: 30 ℃. In terms of management: first, ventilation and cooling; second, shading and cooling; third, watering well water to increase humidification and cooling. When the pepper seedlings break 70% of the soil, the mulch and grass mulch on the seedling bed should be removed immediately, but the sunshade net (or grass mulch) on the seedling shed should still be retained for shading and cooling. Then use 75% dimethazone or 25% carbendazim or methyl thiophanate J500 times solution spray, and then immediately spray with water, the liquid into the root of the seedling, can effectively prevent the occurrence of quenching disease and blight disease. It usually takes 8 days for 5 Mel to come out at seedling stage.

Heart-breaking period: the heart-breaking period takes about a week, and the key to the management of this period is to change from promotion to proper control to ensure the steady growth of pepper seedlings. First, to reduce the humidity, if the bed is too wet, the roots of the seedlings will be few, which can easily cause lodging or diseases. Measures such as ventilation and controlled watering and sprinkling fine soil can be taken to reduce the humidity, and even make the surface of the seedling bed "white". This can not only inhibit the elongation of Hypocotyl, but also promote the root system to root downward and deep. Second, timely thinning seedlings, get rid of weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and weeds, in order to prevent seedling crowding and Hypocotyl elongation too fast to form "tall seedlings".

Vegetative growth period: during this period, seedlings mainly carry out vegetative growth, especially the rhizome increases rapidly, and the management of this period is "promotion-based; combination of promotion and control". First, water management, to ensure that the surface of the bed soil is semi-humid, which requires that clear water must be poured immediately when the surface of the bed soil is not exposed. Generally, on a normal sunny day, water must be watered every two days to keep the surface of the bed soil wet, dry and wet alternately. It can play a better role in preventing sudden fall, blight and blight. Second, proper topdressing, if the nutrients of the bed soil are not enough, the growth of pepper seedlings is weak, 0. 3% urea or 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar spraying.

In addition, in order to prevent long-term covering of the sunshade net (or grass), the chili should be left behind on a cloudy day, before 8: 00 a. M. and after 5: 00 p. M. on a sunny day, the temperature is low and the light is weak, and the grass should also be removed to give sufficient light to the chili in the shed.

(8) Seedling

The function of ① seedling division: in order to prevent seedling crowding, expand the distance between plants, increase the nutritional area, meet the light and nutritional conditions needed for the growth and development of pepper seedlings, and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Seedling division especially had a significant effect on the root growth of pepper seedlings, on the one hand, it produced different degrees of root cutting after seedling division, which reduced the water absorption capacity of roots and inhibited the normal growth of seedlings; on the other hand, the seedlings cut off the main roots and promoted the occurrence of lateral roots. and make the root group distributed in the shallow soil layer with the main root as the center.

② seedling division method: the calendar seedling age from sowing to seedling division of pepper after autumn is generally 12 days, and the physiological seedling age is 3. 4 true leaves. The day before seedling separation, "seedling water" was poured and sprayed with 1000 times virus An or potassium permanganate solution to prevent virus bacteria from being brought into the seedling bed. When dividing the seedling, we can dig the hole to divide the seedling according to 8 × 8cm directly, or adopt the method of strip trench, that is, first open the ditch with a hoe according to the row spacing 10~12cm, irrigate the small water, put the pepper seedling according to the hole spacing 7--9can, the seedling has been planted before the water is finished, and then cover the soil with the hoe to seal the ditch.

⑧ seedling bed management: if there are conditions, seedling division had better be carried out in the greenhouse, 3-5 days after seedling division, from 10:00 to 4 pm on a sunny day, should be covered with grass grass in the greenhouse, generally after about 4 days, the new leaves grow, slow seedling ends. When the temperature is 32 ℃, put the greenhouse film on the seedling bed upward in sunny days to dissipate heat and moisture, and put the greenhouse film down in advance to prevent rain on rainy days. In normal sunny weather, wet and dry watering should be seen, and pepper seedlings should not be watered too much each time, so as to prevent excessive humidity of the bed soil from causing diseases, and watering should be controlled on cloudy and rainy days. If there are symptoms of fertilizer deficiency, nutrient fertilizer can be sprayed 2 times and 3 times.

3. Soil preparation and fertilization

After the previous crop harvest, the residual branches, withered leaves and weeds should be removed in time, more than 4 square meters of rotten organic fertilizer, urea 20-25kg and calcium superphosphate 50kg should be applied per mu. Potash fertilizer 25~30kg, borax lkg, or baked chicken manure, cake fertilizer 100kg, compound fertilizer 50kg. After spreading, ploughing over 25~30cm, and then preparing the land, two beds per shed, leaving 60cm work ditch in the middle.

4. High temperature and stuffy shed

The high humidity stuffy greenhouse can not only kill most germs and kill most underground pests, but also suffocate most weed seeds and accelerate the ripening of organic fertilizer. therefore, after finishing the ground, it is necessary to build a buckle grid in time, and select 7 continuous sunny greenhouses, so that the temperature in the greenhouse can rise to 60-70 ℃, which can play a very good role in sterilization and disinfection.

5. Timely planting

The main results are as follows: (1) preparation before transplanting: transplanting is generally completed before and after the End of Heat, selecting 8-10 true leaves, developed root system, disease-free pepper transplanting. Preparation work: first, the seedbed should be watered once the day before transplanting. It is beneficial to seedling emergence and prevent root injury; second, it is sprayed with 1000 times of virus A, virus K or potassium permanganate solution to prevent bacteria from being brought into the field with the seedling.

(2) transplanting and planting: six rows per row, row spacing 33cm, hole spacing 25-28cm, one plant per hole, 4700 Murray 5200 plants per mu. If transplanting is relatively late (after mid-September), it should be planted according to row spacing 33cm, hole spacing 30cm, two plants per hole, 8000 Murray plants per mu.

6. Management after planting

(1) timely watering: pepper leaves are small and water transpiration is also small. Do not water too much when planting, watering slow seedlings once after 5 days, and continuous shallow and medium ploughing twice, you can squat seedlings. After watering "planting water" and "slow seedling water", the scratching water in the shed should be dry and wet in the early stage, and then watering after waiting for the ground to express its love in order to tie strong trees under the root system and prevent overgrowth. Do not water the door pepper during flowering and fruiting; when the door pepper is enlarged, it needs to be watered with topdressing. Late watering should be based on the weather and the humidity of the ground to prevent the spread of the disease. When watering is needed, you should choose a sunny morning and pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification after watering.

(2) Scientific topdressing: apply chemical fertilizer to strengthen seedling and attack fruit in the middle stage, and combine manure, water and chemical fertilizer in the later stage to protect seedling and rejuvenate. On the basis of re-application of base fertilizer, there is generally no need for topdressing in the early stage, only foliar spraying can be used. If the base fertilizer is insufficient, it should be added appropriately. After blooming and fruiting, door pepper and pair pepper have been formed, so chemical fertilizer should be applied in time. The first topdressing should be carried out between 3-4 weeks after planting (20-30 days after planting), when there are more weights in the lower part of the main stem of pepper, each branch already has 4-5 leaf layers, and the fruit development will be accelerated, combined with watering urea 10kg, diammonium 5kg, potassium sulfate 5kg; the second topdressing is 5-6 weeks after planting (after pepper harvest, setting time), urea 10kg, diammonium 5kg, potassium sulfate 10kg per mu The third chase was urea 5kg, diammonium 5-10kg and potassium sulfate 5~10kg per mu before the small arch shed was built.

(3) Chemical control and pruning: when the pepper grows too much in the fourth leaf or in the early flowering stage, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth are unbalanced, and the fruit setting is delayed; moreover, the branches are tender and weak, and are susceptible to various diseases, which can be chemically controlled by plant growth regulators such as paclobutrazol, dwarfin or thalidomide. In order to improve the fruit setting rate of pepper in greenhouse after autumn postponement, auxin (2.4 color D or anti-falling hormone) can be used to protect flowers and fruits. The concentration of 2.4 color D is 15~20ppm, and the effect of wiping flowers before 10:00 is better. Pepper cultivation does not need to build a frame, but in the peak growth period, the leaves below the door pepper axils are easy to branch, in order to save nutrients, the lower side branches must be removed in time.

(4) temperature and humidity regulation: the most suitable temperature in the full fruit period of pepper is 15-26 ℃. After the Beginning of Autumn, the temperature has changed greatly, so it is necessary to do a good job in preventing cold and heat preservation. When the night temperature is above 15 ℃, it can be released day and night; when the temperature in the shed drops below 15 ℃ at night, the film and the shed door should be tightly covered at night, and the ventilation can only be carried out during the day when the temperature is high, so that the temperature of the shed can be kept between 20 ℃ and 25 ℃. When the lowest temperature at night drops to about 5 ℃, you should immediately buckle the small arch shed to prevent the cold and keep warm. If it is too late to add the small arch shed, you can use plastic film to cover the pepper trees with another layer to avoid freezing damage, but at noon on a sunny day, you should also carry out short-term ventilation in the leeward to remove harmful gases in the shed, supplement oxygen and carbon dioxide, reduce the humidity in the shed, and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

(5) harvesting to promote red: after the chili pepper is planted in autumn, it can be harvested and put on the market after 50 murals for 60 days. If the price is reasonable at that time, door pepper and pair pepper can be removed and sold, because it no longer grows, after removal, it can reduce the burden of the plant, which is conducive to the expansion and growth of the fruit above door pepper. In the first ten days of November, as the temperature drops, grass grass should be added to the small arch shed in time to increase the temperature in the shed and make the chili elders turn red. Generally, the buckle arch shed can be increased by 5 ℃, and then covered with grass mulch on the arch shed, the temperature can be increased by 3 ℃, so that the grown pepper can be kept fresh on the plant, and the grass canopy of the small arch shed can be opened every day to increase its temperature, which can be extended to New Year's Day and Spring Festival harvest.

(6) Storage and fresh-keeping: pepper storage is an effective measure to realize Spring Festival supply and adjust off-season contradictions, and it is also an effective measure to improve vegetable farmers' economic benefits. The stored chili peppers are mainly medium-and late-ripening varieties, and the prepared fruits require thick meat, glossy color without disease spots, moths, cracks, etc. Before storage, remove the grass grass from the arch shed in the greenhouse and precool the pepper for 2-3 days. then cut off the fruitless branches and tender heads, spray them with 800-fold aqueous solution of methyl topiramate and carbendazim, and be sure to spray the seedlings and fruits thoroughly. The storage method is generally based on continuous seedling storage, the pepper and fruit are pulled out together, an open space is selected and discharged forward, each row presses the pepper root with a little wet soil, after the row, the carbendazim is sprayed again, and finally the pepper seedlings are kept warm in a shed, and the temperature in the grid can generally reach 3-7 ℃. Check every ten days, when it is more than 10 ℃, carry out short-term ventilation, and cover it when it is lower than 3 ℃.

High-yield cultivation techniques of Pepper covered with plastic Film

Pepper covered with plastic film is generally sown and raised seedlings in late December and planted in the middle and late April of the following year; until late October, the growth period is up to 10 months, and the average yield per mu is about 4000kg, which can be interplanted with wheat or planted in winter fallow. The average output value per mu is generally about 2500 yuan, and the main points of cultivation techniques are as follows:

1. Cultivate strong seedlings

The varieties of pepper covered with plastic film are mainly Bianjiao series, and the sowing time is from mid-late December to early January. The seeds were treated before sowing, and then the sterilized seeds were soaked in warm water for about 30 ℃ for 8-12 hours. after absorbing enough water, the seeds were wrapped in a clean wet cloth and germinated under the condition of 28-30 ℃. When most of the seeds are white, they can be sown. Pepper seedlings covered with plastic film are usually raised in a greenhouse or a hot Kang. After sowing, the temperature of the seedling bed is kept at 25 ℃ during the day and 18 ℃ at night. When the seedlings are all grown, the temperature drops to 25 ℃ in the daytime and 15 ℃ at night. 7 days before seedling separation, the film was gradually released and ventilated, and the seedlings were refined at low temperature.

2. Divide seedlings in time

Plastic film pepper seedlings should be divided, usually in the first and middle of March, when the seedlings are 3 leaves and 1 heart. Water properly on the seeding bed the day before the seedling is divided, so as to reduce the root damage when the seedling is raised. The distance between seedlings should be 8-10cm, with two plants in each hole, and large and small seedlings should be separated at the same time. After planting, a small arch shed should be added in time, and grass should be covered if the temperature is low at night. There is generally no air in 3-5 days after seedling separation, open the grass during the day and cover it at night to increase the temperature of the seedling bed as much as possible and promote the growth of root system. To slow down the seedlings. After 5-7 days, the new leaves grow, the slow seedlings end, and the ventilation rate can be gradually increased with the weather conditions. 7-10 days before planting, that is, about April 10, it can be ventilated day and night for seedling exercise. In order to control the excessive growth of seedlings, except that the seedlings are watered at the time of seedling division, they are no longer watered. Water the seedlings once until they are transplanted into the field.

3. Soil preparation and fertilization

To avoid continuous cropping of chili peppers, the best plots for planting plastic film chili peppers are eggplant fruits and vegetables within 2-3 years, onions and garlic are the best, followed by legumes, cabbage and so on. Before soil preparation, more than 5 square meters of mature organic fertilizer were applied per mu, calcium superphosphate 50kg and potassium sulfate 20kg were used as base fertilizer. After ploughing, a small high ridge with a width of 60cm was set up every 40cm, and the temperature was raised by plastic film mulching about 7 days before planting.

4. Timely planting

Plastic film pepper is generally planted in mid-late April (around Grain Rain). When planting, first dig holes in small high ridges according to row spacing 40cm, plant spacing 33cm, triangular seedling method is the most suitable, 4000 holes per mu, 8000 plants. If the condition of water and fertilizer is poor, the planting density can be increased appropriately.

5. Field management

On the basis of watering the planting water at the time of planting, slowly watering the seedlings in time, until the door pepper sits down, generally no more watering, when the door pepper grows to the 3cm or so, the combination of watering, re-topdressing, urea 15-20kg per mu, potash fertilizer l0kg, and then every 2 Mel 4 water to top up the fertilizer. Watering should be done frequently with small water, avoid flooding, and Rain Water should be drained in time when he is too big. Under normal circumstances, door pepper should be harvested in time to avoid "falling seedlings".

Key points of cultivation techniques of three-cherry pepper

Three cherry pepper, also known as Japanese three cherry pepper, is a variety of Chaotian pepper, the plant is compact, the fruit is clustered, grows upward, and the flesh is thin. Spicy millet, high oil content. The field growth period of three cherry peppers is 120-135 days, 40~60cm is wiped high, there are 8-15 branches per plant and 150-200 per plant, and the mature period is concentrated, which can be harvested at one time and produce dried pepper 200~300kg per mu.

The interplanting mode of wheat and pepper is generally adopted in the cultivation of three cherry peppers, that is, when wheat is sown before the year, one grain of wheat is sown, leaving an open space (120cm area, sowing three ridges of wheat, covering a wide area of 40cm, leaving a gap in 80cm), and transplanting in late April until it is harvested in the middle and last ten days of October.

1. Seedling raising technology

The seedlings of three cherry peppers are generally sown in the first and middle of March, and the seedlings must be raised in a sunny bed or a small arch shed. Planting one mu of land requires 35-40 square meters of seedlings. After the seeds are treated, "cold tail and warm head" should be selected to sow, that is, 6 consecutive sunny days should be maintained after sowing. Seedling bed management should pay attention to three links: doing a good job of heat preservation and anti-freezing in the initial stage, promoting early emergence of seedlings, emergence of full seedlings: reasonable regulation of temperature and humidity in the middle stage to prevent burning seedlings; flash seedlings and inverted seedlings: strengthen seedling exercise in the later stage to prevent overgrowth and improve the adaptability and stress resistance of seedlings. When the unearthed cotyledons of the seedlings are expanded, the seedlings should reach the elbows, and when 2-3 true leaves are unfolded, the distance between the seedlings should be kept 3~5cm. When the seedlings have 6 leaves, the ventilation rate should be gradually increased and the film should be uncovered 5-7 days before planting.

2. Timely planting

On the basis of applying sufficient base fertilizer for wheat sowing, applying diammonium 25kg, urea 10-15kg or ammonium bicarbonate 30--40kg base fertilizer per mu, the transplanting time is generally in late April. Pour water through the seedling bed the day before transplanting, so as to bring more soil and less root damage when raising seedlings. When planting, three rows were planted in the gap of 80cm, the row spacing was 20~25cm, the plant spacing was about 25cm, and two plants were planted with 6500-7000 holes per mu.

3. Field management

Three cherry peppers generally use the method of one-time fertilization, not topdressing during the growing period. However, for poor fertilizer conservation or de-fertilizing land, quick-acting chemical fertilizer can be applied after setting fruit, and the ground should remain dry and wet during the whole growth period. The yield of three cherry peppers is mainly concentrated on the lateral branches, accounting for only 10% on the main stem and 80-90% on the lateral branches, so it should be topped in time within 5-7 days after returning seedlings to limit the growth of the main stem and promote the germination of lateral branches.

4. Timely harvest

The three cherry peppers are generally harvested in front of Frosts Descent. Therefore, in order to promote the upper green fruit to turn red, ethephon was sprayed in the whole field about 10 days before Frosts Descent. Before the pepper was pulled out, all the leaves fell off and the fruit turned red. The whole plant is removed and spread out in the field or hung upside down on trees, ropes and erected shelves to dry. After the whole three cherry peppers are thoroughly dried, sprinkle water and regain moisture 12 hours before picking, and then pick them according to their color and integrity. After picking, spread out and continue to dry, dry and then sell.

Pest control

1. Pepper seedling disease

The main diseases in pepper seedling stage are quenching, blight, blight and so on.

(1) cataplexy

Symptoms: in the seedling cotyledon stage, the base of the young stem showed waterlogged disease spot, and then the diseased part turned brown, gradually constricted into a linear shape, and finally suddenly lodged. At high temperature and humidity, there are many white flocculent molds near the diseased seedlings. The disease developed rapidly, and at the beginning, only a few seedlings fell ill, and a few days later, it spread rapidly, and finally caused a piece of seedlings to collapse.

(2) blight

Symptoms: the disease has just been unearthed in the seedlings to the base of the salt plant has formed an essential part of the pair can be harmful, but generally occurs in the middle and later stages of the seedlings. The damaged part was the root and stem of the seedling, and the base of the diseased seedling produced oval dark brown disease spot; then lost water; the diseased seedling wilted during the day and recovered at night, but with the expansion of the disease spot, around the stem, the damaged part constricted and withered, and finally the plant died. Light brown arachnoid mold is often produced in the disease department; but it is not significant. Most of the leaves of diseased plants turned light green, then turned yellow, and finally withered and fell off. Because the disease often occurs after the cork of the seedlings, it dies and does not fall down, so it is called blight disease.

Prevention and control methods of the above two diseases:

First, the seedbed should be located in a place where the terrain is high and it is not easy to be flooded. The bed soil had better be new soil or strictly sterilized.

The second is to do a good job in seed treatment.

The third is to strengthen the management of the seedling stage, strictly prohibit the bed surface from getting too wet and prevent the seedlings from growing too much.

Fourth, chemical prevention and control: first, use medicine and soil to protect seedlings (the specific methods have been mentioned before). If you find that the diseased seedlings are immediately sprayed with 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times or 64% disinfectant alum 500 times, spray once every 5-7 days, twice in a row.

(3) epidemic disease

Symptoms: pepper seedling stage, adult stage can be affected by the disease, stems, leaves and fruits can be affected. The disease of seedlings mostly occurred in the rhizome, and the base of the stem was water-immersed and dark green at first, then formed fusiform spots, the disease part constricted, showed dark brown, and the seedlings were easy to fold and lodge at the adult stage, the leaves wilted during the day and recovered at night, the whole plant withered a few days later, the rhizome turned brown, and the diseased part appeared white mildew layer when the humidity was high. The disease of leaves starts from the edge, such as boiling water scald, the disease spot is dark green, and the fruit disease starts from the pedicel, which first shows dark green waterlogging irregular disease spot, and then extends to the whole fruit.

Disease regularity: Phytophthora generally overwinters on the remains of pepper disease or on soil and seeds. Is the source of the disease that first infected chili. Under the suitable conditions of high temperature and humidity, the pathogen spread to the base of the stem through Rain Water spatter or irrigation water to cause the disease. The disease was serious when the field temperature was 25-30 ℃ and the relative humidity was higher than 85%. During the rainy season or after heavy rain, the weather suddenly clears up and the temperature rises sharply, and the epidemic is most likely to be prevalent. If the soil moisture is more than 95%, the infection of the pathogen of pepper blight will be completed in 6 hours, and a generation can occur in 2-3 days, especially in the seedbeds with poor drainage, high density, no seedling, poor ventilation and light transmission, the disease is the most serious, if the disease is lighter in 3-4 leaf seedlings.

Prevention and control methods:

The first is crop rotation.

The second is to treat the seeds.

Third, high temperature greenhouse (only applicable to chili peppers after autumn postponement)

Fourth, the use of high border cultivation, close planting, flood irrigation is strictly prohibited.

Fifth, chemical control: if a small amount occurs, the diseased seedlings should be pulled out in time, and then the soil around the diseased seedlings should be treated with chemicals. If the occurrence quantity is large, 40% ethyl phosphorus aluminum wettable powder 250 times, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 600 times, 21% Ruidui wettable powder 800 times, 72.7% Prike water 600-800 times, 64% Shiduji wettable powder can be used. 500 times and other medicament, choose one kind, spray alternately, spray once every 5-7 days, spray 2-3 times continuously.

2. Pepper field diseases

(1) virus disease

Symptoms: according to the symptoms are divided into the following three types.

One is the mosaic type, the diseased leaves show thick green and light green flowers and leaves, wrinkled.

Second, the leaves are deformed or clustered, in the initial stage, the veins of the heart leaves fade, gradually become mottled, the flowers and leaves shrink, then the diseased leaves thicken, the leaf margin curls upward, the young leaves are narrow or linear leaves, and the upper part of the plant is clustered in the later stage, the internodes are shortened, and the plant is dwarfed.

The third is striped type, the main vein of the leaf is brown or black necrotic, gradually extending to the lateral branch, main stem and growing point, falling flowers, leaves, fruit, and even the whole plant withered.

Incidence regularity: the main pathogens are cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Cucumber mosaic virus overwinters mainly on perennial weeds and protected vegetables, and is transmitted by aphids in the second year. Tobacco mosaic virus overwinters in soil, diseased remains, seeds and tobacco leaves, and is mainly transmitted by sap contact through various agricultural operations in the field (sowing, seedling separation, planting, pruning). High temperature and drought are beneficial to aphid reproduction and transmission. In addition, continuous cropping, lack of water, lack of fertilizer, extensive management, small seedlings, late planting and so on can cause the epidemic of reading disease.

Prevention and control methods:

Disease-resistant varieties selected by ①

② seed disinfection: spread seeds with 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, rinse with clean water and then sprout. Spray 0 before seeding or florescence, respectively. 1Murray 0. 2% zinc sulfate.

③ cultivation management: cultivate strong seedlings with buds, avoid high temperature and strong light, or use plastic film to cover cultivation, timely control aphids and so on.

④ medicament control: using 20% virus A wettable powder 300x liquid, or potassium permanganate 1000 times solution + 300500x potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 200x urea + 200x brown sugar (or white sugar), that is, 10kg water mixed with 10g, 20g 30g, 50g, 50g, respectively, sprayed every 10 days after planting, continuous control for 3 times.

(2) anthrax

Symptoms: mainly damage to fruits and leaves. When the fruit is killed, it begins to produce water-immersed yellowish brown round or irregular disease spots, and then slightly concave, the central grayish brown, on which there are small black spots. When the leaves were killed, they began to produce faded green water stains, which gradually turned brown and light gray in the middle.

Disease regularity: the pathogen lurks on the seeds or the remains of diseased plants survive the winter in the soil. Spread by wind and insects, the disease develops rapidly when the temperature is about 27 ℃ and the air humidity is above 95%. Relative humidity less than 70%, generally not sick, high temperature and rainy season, poor drainage, excessive planting density and so on will aggravate the spread and spread of anthrax.

Prevention and control methods: the same epidemic disease.

3. Pepper field pest

(1) aphids

Life habits and harm: like to live in groups on the back of leaves, pedicels or tender stems, sucking plant juice, secreting honeydew, yellow leaves, wrinkled leaves. Aphids can not only cause damage by sucking plant juices, but also spread a variety of viral diseases. As long as aphids suck on susceptible plants and then migrate to disease-free plants, virus transmission can be completed in a short time.

Prevention and control methods:

① removes weeds in and around the field and reduces the source of aphids.

② chemical control: it is best to kill aphids in the initial stage, which can be sprayed with 1000 times of imidacloprid or 2000 times of 1% aphid lice.

(2) tea yellow mite

Life habits and harm: tea yellow butterfly body is very small, not visible to the naked eye, concentrated in the young parts of the plant to suck juice, so that young leaves, tender stems, buds and other can not grow normally. The damaged leaves are thickened and stiff, the leaf margin is rolled down, the back of the leaf is oil-soaked, the stick plant is short and clumpy, and the flowers and fruits are falling.

Prevention and control methods:

① removes weeds and litter in and around the field in time to reduce the source of insects.

② medicament control: use the medicine in time when the pest is found, you can choose 2000 times liquid of 15% paracetamol wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 40% dimethoate EC and 1500 times liquid of 75% paracetamol emulsion. The back of the tender leaves and stems in the upper part of the plant were sprayed every 10 days for 3 times in a row.