Planting Management Technology of Auricularia auricula

Ear rod implantation

1. Tree selection: there are many tree species suitable for the growth and development of Auricularia auricula. However, it is necessary to take measures in accordance with local conditions, and choose tree species that are rich in local resources and easy to grow fungus, except for tree species such as turpentine, essential oil, alcohol, ether and economic trees, other tree species can be planted with fungus. At present, the commonly used tree species are Quercus variabilis, Betula platyphylla, Castanopsis carlesii, Maple Poplar, Liquidambar formosana, Elm, Robinia pseudoacacia, Willow, Pistacia chinensis, etc. But Quercus variabilis and Quercus variabilis are the best.

2. Tree felling: the historical habit is to "enter nine" to cut down trees. generally speaking, trees can be cut down from the withered and yellow leaves to before the new leaves germinate, because this period is the "dormant" period of trees, and the nutrients in the stems are in a state of accumulation and immobility, with less water and the most abundant and concentrated nutrients. This is called "pulp-harvesting trees". At the same time, the bark and xylem of the trees cut down during this period are closely combined, and the bark is not easy to take off after felling, which is conducive to the growth and development of Auricularia auricula.

The age of the felled tree is 7-8 years old on the sunny slope and 8-10 years old on the shady slope or poor soil quality. The best thickness of the tree stem is about 10 cm and the length is 1 m. 50 pieces each.

The method of felling requires that the stubble be kept low, 10 to 15 centimeters higher than the ground, and the axe is left from both sides of the tree stalk, leaving the stubble into a "crow mouth". This is beneficial to the technical renewal of old trees, which will not cause stagnant water and rot buds, nor will they compete for more buds, thus affecting the regeneration of trees. When cutting, we advocate picking stubble, not sweeping stubble, which is not only conducive to the protection of young trees, but also conducive to soil and water conservation.

3. Branch removal: after the tree is cut down, do not immediately remove the branches. Retaining the branches and leaves can accelerate the evaporation of the tree water, make the tree stem dry quickly, make its cell tissue die, and at the same time help the nutrients on the top of the tree to concentrate on the trunk. Wait for ten days and a half months before picking branches. When picking, it is necessary to use a sharp machete to flatten the tree trunk from bottom to top and cut it into a "copper scar" or "cow eye". It is not possible to cut too deep, injuring the cortex, and the cut scar should be smeared with lime water to prevent miscellaneous bacteria from invading and stagnant water. it's also easy to pile up.

4. Truncation: in order to facilitate the stacking, ostentation, erection, management and harvesting of ear sticks, and to facilitate moisture absorption when putting down ear sticks, a stick that is too long should be cut into a short stick 3 feet long. Cut off the head with a hand saw or chainsaw and smear it with lime water to prevent miscellaneous bacteria infection.

5, frame sun: selenium frame is to cut off the wooden stick, choose the high dry, ventilated, sunny place, pile it into a "well" shape or "fish back" shape about 1 meter high, so that it quickly loses water and dies. In the process of shelving the sun, turn it up and down every 10 days or so to make the ear stick dry evenly, and the time of the frame should be flexibly mastered according to the tree species, the thickness of the ear stick and the climatic conditions. generally, the frame is insolated for one month to one and a half months, so that the ear stick loses 3 / 4% moisture before the frame is basked in, and the inoculation can be carried out.

6. Ear field selection: the place where ear racks are placed is called ear field. The quality of ear field environment is directly related to the growth and development of Auricularia auricula and its final yield. Generally speaking, it is best to choose the mountain cove to the north and south, where the light is long every day and the temperature difference between day and night is small; in the morning and evening, there are often clouds, high humidity and air circulation, which is most suitable for the growth and development of Auricularia auricula. When selecting the site, it should be close to the water source, which is conducive to artificial rainfall, and the slope should be 15-30 degrees. Do not choose the place where the stone quilt, chalk and bauxite are selected. After the site is selected, it should be cleaned up first, thinning the overdense trees in the site, and cutting off shrubs, thorn vines and perishable weeds, leaving only a small number of broad-leaved trees with small crowns or less dense branches and leaves, which can be used as shade for earframes in summer. Apply insecticide to the ground before planting, and disinfect it with bleach, quicklime and so on; it is best to burn the site with firewood and grass in winter. Do not eradicate the long-growing fescue, turf and moss on the site to prevent soil erosion and keep the ear field moist.

7. Inoculation: inoculation is to plant the artificially cultivated mycelium on the ear stick, so that it can grow and colonize in the ear rod and grow into fruiting body, which is the most key process of artificial planting of Auricularia auricula. It is a major technological innovation in production, with quick results and high output. When inoculating, first disinfect the ear field and ear rods (just use disinfectant or fire, disinfect the tools with alcohol or boiled water, and wash them artificially with soapy water. Choose a cool place to carry out, do not let direct sunlight bacteria, do not carry out on rainy days. Vaccination time, generally from February to early May, autumn between White Dew and Cold Dew can be carried out. When inoculating, depending on its different types, choose different tools, such as branch species and triangular wood species; cut with a flower axe, put sawdust and branches or triangular wood together into the cut, gently tighten it with the back of the axe, in order not to fall off as the principle; sawdust species, particle species, you can use 10mm electric drill, punch or hollow punch, plug the strain into the hole, cover it with bark, and gently tighten it. The general line spacing is 2 inches and the plant spacing is 2.5 inches. It can be arranged in the shape of "product" or staggered into the shape of plum blossoms. The density of the two ends of the ear stick should be high, so that the hyphae can quickly occupy the position and avoid the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. Point the depth of the plant to enter the xylem through the bark for 3-4 minutes.

8. Colonization on the heap: in order to maintain the appropriate temperature and humidity, the hyphae can germinate, colonize, grow and develop quickly in the ear rod, which is an important step in whether the inoculation is successful or not. The method is as follows: first, select the stacking site, remove the weeds, sprinkle a little insecticide or bleach, rake into the soil, and then put the inoculated ear rods flat and push them into the shape of "well" or "fish back". The heap is 3 feet high, that is, it is tightly covered with plastic film, pressed around with soil, and sprinkled with insecticides to prevent ants from eating mycelium. The temperature in the stack should be kept between 22 ℃ and 32 ℃, and the humidity should be kept at 60%-70%. If the temperature is too high, the surrounding film can be lifted and ventilated to make the temperature drop, and the stack should be turned every 10 days or so, that is, a full turn up and down. Make the temperature and humidity of the inner ear rod of the pile always keep uniform. You don't need to sprinkle water the first time you turn the pile, and then sprinkle it every time you turn it. It would be better if you had the opportunity to accept Rain Water. It can be planted in about 1 month.

9. Loose staging: after the ear rods have been planted on the heap, the hyphae have already grown out of the ear rods, so they can be stacked up. The purpose of ostentation is to let the ear stick absorb moisture close to the ground, accept the sun, rain, dew and fresh air of nature, change its living environment, make it quickly adapt to nature, and promote the mycelium to spread rapidly in the ear rod, from the growth stage to the development stage. The ostentatious method is to lay the ear sticks flat on the ground, the whole body affixed to the ground can not be overhead, each distance 2 fingers. The site had better have some slope so as not to rain and flood the ear sticks. Turn the stick every 10 days or so, that is, the side of the original stick is turned upside down, and the side of the original side is turned down and pasted to the ground, so that the ear stick absorbs moisture evenly and avoids good wet miscellaneous bacteria infection. After about 1 month, a large number of ear buds grow in clusters, and then you can stand up.

10. stand management: when the ear buds are covered with ear sticks, it shows that the growth and development of mycelium has entered the fruiting stage, and the external conditions of "dry, dry and wet" are needed at this time, which can meet its needs after erection. And can reduce those who do not adapt to this condition of miscellaneous bacteria and pests. The method of erecting the frame is to use a long pole as a crossbeam, the two ends of which are supported by a tree girl with a fork, and then lean the ear stick against the crossbeam to form a "human" shape, with each rod spaced 2 inches apart. The output is calculated on the basis of 50 rods per aircraft. The management work after being put on the shelves is very important. As the saying goes, "there are three kinds of harvest, seven minutes of management", "confiscation of harvest lies in planting, and more harvest lies in management", which illustrates the importance of management work. Management work, mainly including the removal of long grass, bacteria, pests, regulation of temperature and humidity, air and light. At noon in summer, try to avoid the strong light direct ear frame, winter to the first flower ear stick to put down, let it stick to the ground to absorb moisture, keep warm, promote early germination in the coming year, early ear.

11. Harvest and drying: when Auricularia auricula grows up, it should be harvested and picked carefully to ensure a bumper harvest. Ears and autumn ears to choose big and small, let small ears grow up and then pick, Fu ears should be picked together, because the summer temperature is high, many pests, bacteria multiply fast, will make mature ears be eaten and rotten. Ear picking time, it is best to harvest when the ear is sunny after the rain, or in the morning when the dew is not dry and the ear tide is soft. Should be put on the sun mat when picking thin, take advantage of the hot sun once dry, sun should not turn more, so as not to cause fist ears. If there is no rain, we should first take the method of grabbing and grabbing, spread the wet ears evenly on the dry thatch or dried fungus, let the thatch or dried fungus absorb a part of water, and then move out to dry together after the weather clears up. If you can not rush to collect it, you can use plastic film to cover the ear frame, so that the already grown fungus will not continue to be drenched and drained, resulting in the loss of flow rods.

Substitute material planting

The continuous innovation of Auricularia auricula planting technology has greatly increased the per unit yield and yield, but it can not meet the growing needs of foreign trade exports and the people. With the popularization and development of artificial planting technology, the experimental research on the new technology of planting Auricularia auricula with substitute materials has been further promoted. At present, plastic bags are mainly planted, and the methods are as follows:

1. Production process: about 40 days after inoculation, the planting species (plastic bags) were inoculated about 2 months after → planting bags (plastic bags) opened holes in → 7 and 10 days to form ear buds to form → 15. 20 days mature harvest → 10 days the second ear buds formed → 15 20 days mature harvest → 10 days the third ear buds formed → 15 20 days harvest.

2. Select excellent bacteria.

The strains for planting Auricularia auricula are domesticated and screened from the cultivation of Auricularia auricula. Therefore, not all suitable strains for Auricularia auricula can be planted as substitutes. The suitable age of planting species is 30-45 days, which has strong vitality and can not only reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria in the process of culture, but also enhance the ability of anti-mildew. Generally choose the mycelium with fast growth, sturdy, fast colonization after inoculation, short production cycle, high yield, large piece, thick meat and dark color as bacteria.

3. Planting season: in Shaanxi and several nearby provinces, it can be planted twice a year by using natural temperature. The original seed can be produced in early January in spring, seed production and planting in early February, seed production and planting bag in mid-March, and ear production in April, May and June. Seed production and planting bags in mid-August in autumn, and ears in September, October and November.

Planting method

1. Formula

The scraps of many agricultural and forestry products can be used to grow Auricularia auricula. Here are several culture medium formulations:

① sawdust medium formula: sawdust (broad-leaved tree) 78%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 20%, gypsum powder 1%, white sugar 1%, water 65%.

② cottonseed hull medium formula: cottonseed hull 90%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 8%, gypsum powder 1%, white sugar 1%, water 65%.

③ corncob medium formula: corncob (crushed into soybean-sized particles) 70% 80%, sawdust (broad-leaved tree) 10% 20%, wheat bran (or rice bran) 8%, gypsum powder 1%, white sugar 1%, water about 65%.

④ rice straw medium formula: 75% of rice straw (fresh straw crushed or crushed into small pieces), 15% of wheat bran (or rice bran), 8% of sawdust (broad-leaved trees), 1% of gypsum powder, 1% of sugar and 65% of water.

If the conditions permit, it is better to add 2% soybean powder to the above medium.

2. Seasoning and bagging: weigh the above culture materials in proportion, mix well, dissolve the sugar in water into the culture material, add water and mix it, so that the water content of the culture material is about 65%. Or add water to the hand-held culture material, there are water lines exudate without dripping for degrees, and then pile up the material, stuffy for 30 minutes for 60 minutes, so that the material through sugar water, immediately bagged. There are three methods of bagging, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages and can be used according to the situation.

The first method is to choose a plastic bag with a thickness of about 5 microns and a bag size of about 17 cm x 33 cm with a square bottom. If you buy a flat-bottomed bag (like a food bag), just tuck the two corners at the bottom of the bag into the two corners before bagging, so that the culture material can be loaded smoothly and can be placed directly on the culture rack. When bagging, put the mixed material into the bag, vibrate vigorously in a smooth place while loading, so that the culture material is dense, loose and tight up and down. At this time, the height of the culture material is about 3max 5 of the bag height. Wipe off the residual culture material from the upper part of the bag with dry gauze. Add the plastic neck cover (inside diameter 34 cm, height 3 cm) to turn down the mouth of the plastic bag, tie it tightly with a rubber band, shape like the mouth of a glass bottle, and plug the cotton stopper.

The second method is to choose a simple polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm, cut to a length of 35 cm, fasten one end with cotton thread, and then melt the film with candlelight or alcohol flame to seal the bag. Put the culture material into the bag from one end of the opening, vibrate on the pile while loading, or compact it with your fingers until it is 5 cm away from the mouth of the bag, then twist the remaining plastic bags together, tie them tightly with cotton thread, and melt and seal the film under candlelight or alcohol flame. Press the bag into a flat shape with your hands on a smooth table. Then use a punch with a diameter of 2 cm, and punch a hole of 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 cm deep every 10 cm on one side of the bag. Use scissors to cut the prepared medicinal adhesive tape into 3-4 cm square pieces and stick it on the hole. In order to facilitate the operation of the inoculation, one of the corners of the tape is rolled into a double layer.

The third method is to select a commercial polypropylene plastic bag with a diameter of 13 cm, tie it with a rope at one end, load the culture material into the bag from the other end, compact the material by hand, wait for the material to be 5 cm away from the mouth of the bag, and then collect the remaining plastic bags. tie it with a rope, and then inoculate it from both ends.

It should be noted that no matter which method of bagging, it must be mixed, bagged and sterilized on the same day.

Sterilization and inoculation

The packed planting bag is sterilized in a high pressure sterilizer and kept at a pressure of 15 kg / cm 2 for 1.5 minutes for 2 hours. when the pressure gauge drops to 00:00, take out the bag while it is hot and put it in the inoculation box or inoculation room immediately. If you sterilize with an atmospheric pressure sterilizer, keep it for 6 hours for 8 hours, wait for the bag temperature to drop to 30 ℃, or fumigate for 30 minutes with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde, then sterilize the inoculation box or inoculation room space. It should be noted that continuous vaccination should not take too long to avoid excessive temperature in the box (more than 40 ℃). More inoculum can shorten the time for mycelium to grow on the surface and reduce the chance of miscellaneous bacteria infection. As mentioned earlier, the ability of Auricularia auricula to resist mold, especially Trichoderma is relatively weak, therefore, sterilization must be thorough, inoculation must be carried out according to aseptic operation, to improve the rate of finished products.

Mycelial culture

In the whole process of mycelial culture, it is necessary to create conditions to make the mycelium grow healthily and to control the formation of random rods in the fruiting body of Auricularia auricula. Among all the conditions, temperature is the most important factor. The optimum temperature of the culture room is 22 ℃ ~ 25 ℃. Because the temperature of the culture material in the bag is often 2 ℃ ~ 3 ℃ higher than the room temperature, the temperature of the culture room should not exceed 25 ℃. When the temperature exceeds 25 ℃, yellow water will appear in the bag, the color of the water will change from deep to dark, and from thinning to stickiness. The production of this mucus is easy to promote mold infection. The relative humidity of the culture room is 50%-70%. If the humidity is too low, the moisture loss of the culture material is much, and the culture material is dry, which is disadvantageous to the mycelium growth. If the relative humidity exceeds 70%, miscellaneous bacteria will grow on the cotton stopper. Light can induce the kink of mycelium to form primordia. In order to control the formation of fruiting body primordia in the mycelium stage, the culture room should maintain dark or very weak light intensity. Sprinkle some quicklime around the training room to make it into an alkaline environment and reduce the chances of mold reproduction. When the planting bag is placed in the culture, dye or accumulate on the ground to cultivate the hyphae, it should not be turned over. Because the volume of the plastic bag is not fixed, the volume of the plastic bag changes where it is pinched by the hand, and the air is squeezed out of the bag. When the hand is removed, its volume is restored, and a small amount of air enters it. In this way, it is possible to get into miscellaneous bacterial spores. In addition, where the hand touches the bag wall, the pressure on the plastic bag and the culture material is increased, and the sharper culture material (sawdust, cottonseed finish) will be pierced into a small hole invisible to the naked eye, and miscellaneous bacterial spores will enter, increasing the infection rate. Therefore, try not to move as much as possible in the process of culture. when checking miscellaneous bacteria, you must take them out in time and put them in a place with lower temperature. Continue to observe. If the degree of pollution is relatively mild, formaldehyde solution can be injected into the place of miscellaneous bacteria, and a small piece of adhesive tape can be used to stick the needle hole, which can control the spread of miscellaneous bacteria.

Open a hole

When the mycelium of Auricularia auricula is full, you can move the bag from the culture room to the planting room, remove the cotton plug and plastic neck cover, tie the mouth of the bag with a rope, or remove the tape; prepare two basins of 5% lime water, first wash the bag in a basin and take it out. Use the blade around the bag, press the distance between the two holes 5 cm 6 cm away from the length of 1.5 cm, 0.3 cm deep inside the small mouth, you can also first open a hole on one side of the bag. Soak the opened bacterial bag in another basin of lime water to make the entrance of the hole in an alkaline environment, which can effectively prevent the harm of miscellaneous bacteria.

Ear management

After opening the hole, the bacterial bag can be placed flat on the bacterial bed rack in the planting room, suspended on the seedbed rack or on the branches under the forest, or on the ground covered with wet sand, and then create conditions for black fungus to form fruiting primordia. First of all, the relative humidity of the planting environment should be increased to 90%-95%, and the room temperature should be controlled at 20 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ as far as possible. Good ventilation and strong scattered light are also essential conditions for the formation of auricularia auricula primordia. The mycelium at the opening can get more light, air and humidity, which effectively promotes the formation of fruiting body here. So the black fungus is planted with a hole, and the fruiting body is formed at the opening or at the crack of the plastic bag. This is the so-called "directional ear". Under the conditions of suitable temperature, humidity, ventilation and light, many small black spots can be seen by the naked eye after a hole is opened for 7 to 12 days, and gradually grow up to form an ear bud (young boy entity). At this time, more moisture, 15 ℃ ~ 25 ℃ temperature, strong scattered light and good ventilation are needed. If you encounter continuous rainy weather, you can hang the planting bag that has formed ear buds in the open world, the temperature, humidity, light and air can be fully satisfied, and the ear buds grow faster. At this time, if green mold and Alternaria orangeus contamination are found at the base of the ear or on the young ear piece, put the bacterial bag under the faucet and wash off the miscellaneous bacteria carefully, but do not wash the fruiting body away. Under suitable environmental conditions, about 10 to 15 days after the formation of ear buds, the ear piece is flat and the fruiting body is mature, and it can be harvested.

Harvesting and processing

The standard of maturation of Auricularia auricula is that the ear piece is fully expanded, the ear base becomes thinner, and when the color changes from black to brown, it can be picked. It requires diligent mining, fine mining, big mining and small mining, so as not to make ears flow. Mature ears left on the bacterial bag are not picked, vulnerable to diseases and insect pests or ear dripping. When harvesting, use a knife to flatten against the bag wall. The harvested fungus should be dried or dried in time. Baking temperature is not more than 50 ℃, the temperature is too high, fungus will be glued into pieces, affecting the quality, dried fungus, timely packaging and storage to prevent mildew or moth. After harvesting the bacterial bag, stop spraying water directly for four or five days, let the mycelium accumulate nutrition, after about 10 days; the second stubble ear bud formation, repeat the above management, but also can harvest two crops.