Cultivation techniques of bergamot

Bergamot is a tropical and subtropical plant, like warm, humid, sunny environment, not resistant to cold, frost and drought, shade, barren, waterlogging. There is plenty of rain. It is suitable to be cultivated in areas where there is no freezing in winter. The optimum growth temperature is 22-24 ℃, the overwintering temperature is above 5 ℃, the annual precipitation is 1000~1200mm, and the annual sunshine hours is 1200-1800h. It is suitable for growing in acid loam, sandy loam or clay loam with deep, loose and fertile soil, rich in humus and good drainage.

In Gaoyao City and Deqing County, the main producing areas of Guangdong Province, the average annual temperature is 22 ℃, the average temperature in January in the coldest month is 13.2 ℃, the extreme minimum temperature is-1 ℃, the average temperature in July is 28.6 ℃, the annual average precipitation is about 1600mm, and the annual sunshine hours are 1815 hours. In the well-drained and fertile paddy field, the soil is slightly acidic, grows well, and the yield is high and stable.

The breeding method of bergamot

Bergamot cutting, grafting, high-pressure propagation can be. The cutting time is from the last ten days of June to the first and middle of July, cutting branches from the robust mother plant as cuttings, which can sprout in about one month, germinate in two months, and can be planted after germination. You can also use long-branch cuttings, take 3-4-year-old strong branches, cut and grow 50cm as cuttings.

1. Cutting and planting

Cuttings preparation: 7-8-year-old mother trees should be selected before cutting, old and healthy branches with exuberant growth and free from diseases and insect pests should be cut off, leaves and top shoots should be cut off, cuttings with growing 17~20cm should be cut, the survival rate of cuttings is more than 90%, and the seedling growth is also very strong. No young tree branches or only long branches shall be used. Because this kind of branches are often not easy to bear fruit.

Soil preparation and cutting: it is best to choose the sandy soil with thicker soil in the seedling bed in order to collect seedlings in the future. After the land is selected, deep ploughing and raking is fine, and human and animal manure water is applied to form a high border 1.3m wide, with a width of about 30cm and a depth of about 20cm. The cuttings can be cut from February to March in spring and from August to September in autumn, and the cutting in autumn is the best. Autumn cuttings can grow roots in the same year, and grow rapidly after sprouting in the spring of the following year; when cutting, a horizontal trench is opened on the border, with a distance of 23cm to 27cm; the cuttings are inserted into the trench according to the plant spacing 15~17cm, and must not be cut down. About 12000-15000 cuttings are usually needed per mu. After the insertion, the soil is compacted so that a bud at the front shows the surface of the soil, and the dry soil should be drenched with water.

Seedling management: watering and irrigation at any time after insertion, and building a shed to cover the shade, Rain Water often has to do a good job of drainage. When the seedlings are high 7~10cm, remove the weak seedlings in clusters, leaving only one strong seedling in each plant. Weeding in time, topdressing light human and animal dung water or ammonium sulfate for 3 times, cultivation for one year can be transplant.

2. Grafting propagation

It takes place in spring and autumn. It is better to use citron or lemon as rootstock. Rootstocks are generally propagated by cutting or sowing. Grafting methods are as follows:

Depending on the grafting method: from August to early September, the rootstock selected stem diameter 2~3cm, well-developed root system, strong growth of 4-year-old 5-year-old plants, cut off branches under some branches of the stem base, leaving only one branch, and then cut off some of the cortex on one side of the branches, and then select the branches that occurred in spring or autumn last year as scions, with similar thickness and long 5~7cm. The lower part of the cortex is also cut off on the lower side of the scion, and then the section of the rootstock is leaned against the section of the scion, so that the two sides are closed and the middle is fastened with plastic film, which can heal after about a week. Then cut off the part of the rootstock above the interface.

Ventral grafting: the rootstock was cut flat at 5~7cm above the ground in the first and middle of March, then polished with grafting knife, and the smooth part with slightly woody part was selected as oblique section, and the depth of 1~1.5cm was deep. The scion should have 2-3 buds, and the lower end should be cut into a 1~1.5cm wedge, then cut one side of the rootstock straight with the scion, tightly insert it into the incision of the rootstock, bind it with plastic film, and generally merge and sprout and grow after half a month. At this time, the soil must be loosened and weeds must be removed. 45-60 days later, start to shoot, at this time must remove the bandage, otherwise the new shoot is easy to bend.

Cultivation techniques of bergamot

Fertilization of bergamot should be determined according to the age and growth of the tree. Generally speaking, quick-acting organic fertilizer should be applied once a month from March to August in the first three years, and topdressing can be applied three times a year after entering the full fruit period, and bran cake, compost, human and animal feces and urine should be applied in time before flowering, young fruit stage and after fruit harvest, respectively, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer or compound fertilizer should be added, especially winter fertilizer.

Bergamot should apply good shoot-attacking fertilizer before fruiting period, that is, quick-acting chemical fertilizer and farm manure should be applied 10 days before spring, summer and autumn shoots, generally, about 30g urea per plant, 100g phosphate fertilizer and 5kg chicken and cow manure should be mixed well, combined with intermediate ploughing and weeding, excavation of wide 30cm, deep 25cm ring ditch, and strict soil cover. Fertilizer can not be applied after September to prevent late autumn shoots from growing.

Bergamot can enter the fruiting period in the second year after planting, and the fruit can be harvested continuously for about 30 years. Fertilization should be applied four times a year, and the first pre-anthesis fertilizer should be applied in the middle of March, with 5 kg manure per plant, and a large amount of fertilizer at the peak flowering stage, with 150 g of rotten chicken manure 5kg and urea per plant. For the third time, strong fruit fertilizer was applied before and after "Lesser Heat", and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was re-applied to promote fruit expansion and increase yield. 1 kg compound fertilizer was mixed with rotten chicken manure 5kg per plant, and foliar fertilizer was sprayed with 100g potassium dihydrogen phosphate and water 50kg at the same time, which was very beneficial to promote tree vigor and fruit expansion. Fruit-picking fertilizer was applied for the fourth time, and symmetrical ditches of wide 40cm and deep 40cm were dug along the crown dripping line on both sides of the plant from September to October, and each plant was treated with rotten chicken and cow manure 10kg, compound fertilizer 1kg and mixed back to the pit.

After one year of cultivation of cutting seedlings or grafted seedlings, when the seedlings reached 50cm, they could be planted in both spring and autumn, and the temperature began to warm up in February, and it was better when the new buds were about to germinate. Generally cooked land, first manage the surrounding drainage ditch, according to the plant spacing of about 3m to dig the nest, if the use of field edge corner planting can be slightly dense, nest diameter about 50cm, deep 30cm, the nest soil to be fine, it is best to use triangular arrangement. One seedling per litter must be planted straight, and the whisker root extends in all directions, obstructing the root with fine soil, gently lifting it up several times, so that the root is close to the soil, and then covered with fine soil to step on it, and finally the soil is slightly higher than the ground.

Field management of bergamot

After planting, it was ploughed for weeding and topdressing 3 times a year. The first spring fertilizer was before the bud, and the second spring fertilizer was before and after the Summer Solstice, and the fertilizer was generally mainly composed of human and animal dung water and vegetable cake. in the second topdressing, 250g urea and 500g superphosphate were mixed with water 100times, and a sprayer was used to carry out extra-root topdressing to promote tree vigor and fruit fatness. The third winter fertilizer was re-applied after bergamot harvest from October to November, and it was best to apply it after compost with vegetable cake, cow and horse manure and calcium superphosphate. According to the experience of the people in the main producing areas, the winter fertilizer of bergamot is the most important. Hibernation can make the bergamot not lose its leaves during the winter, and it will begin to blossom the following spring. If the winter fertilizer is not enough, the leaves will fall during the overwintering period, and the next spring will begin to blossom. There are not many fruits in summer, which will affect the yield. According to the characteristics that the roots of bergamot grow horizontally and its lateral roots and main roots are shallow in the ground, ploughing should not be dug deeply to avoid root injury. Yong Dou should be covered with soil once in winter. During the flowering period, bergamot can beat down the excess flowers and male flowers, leaving only 1 or 2 flowers for each short branch. Or it is safer to pick it when it bears young fruit.

① Garden cleaning: remove fallen leaves and residual branches in winter. During the growing period, with the removal of seriously diseased leaves, concentrated deep burial or burning, in order to avoid re-infection of bacteria.

② trench drainage: planting bergamot garden around the deep ditch, lower the groundwater level, maintain appropriate soil moisture, enhance soil permeability.

③ fertilization: fertilizer is the basis for the cultivation of strong trees. After autumn, basic fertilizer should be fully applied, organic fertilizer 2500~3000kg should be applied per mu, nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled, potassium and phosphorus fertilizer and micro-fertilizer should be increased.

④ leaves and fruits: foliar spraying nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, micro-fertilizer and green Fenwei, spraying borax at the beginning and full flowering stage to improve leaf life and photosynthetic capacity, promote branch maturity and nutrient accumulation, enhance plant resistance and increase yield.

⑤ pruning and shaping: in order to ensure the high yield and stability of bergamot, the adjustment of tree potential and reasonable pruning of flower and fruit branches must be done. Those who blossom and bear fruit in the same year should not be allowed to blossom. Flower buds should be picked as soon as possible to promote the coarse growth and crown expansion of the tree. Trees entering the peak period of flowers and fruits are generally pruned after sprouting in March and harvest in autumn and winter. When regulating flowers and fruits, attention should be paid to removing early flowers (that is, flowers blooming in late spring and early summer, so most of the flowers blooming are male flowers can not bear fruit), and extra axillary buds sprouting on female branches should also be removed to reduce nutrient consumption and improve growth conditions. to achieve the goal of reducing falling flowers and multi-fruiting. Bergamot grows thick and fast and has many branches, so it must be pruned and shaped reasonably every year to make the tree vigorous and promote the uniform distribution of fruiting branches. Pruning and shaping was carried out after fruit picking and before sprouting in March, cutting off cross branches, weak branches, disease and insect branches and withered branches, and only grow branches. Most of the short branches of bergamot are fruiting mother branches, which should be retained as far as possible. All summer shoots growing in summer should be cut off except for individual needs to expand the crown.

⑥ fruit protection and weeding: the flowers began to bloom before and after the stinging, leaving 2-3 strong female flowers in one inflorescence, and the rest were removed. In the fruit protection technology, it is generally required to leave 1 to 2 fruits for each branch, and more should be removed. In the fruiting period, use your hands to pull up weeds around the plant, do not use a hoe, so as not to hurt the roots. After planting bergamot, the soil should be cultivated once a year for 5 years. After pruning and clearing the garden, the soil was covered with a thin layer of grass on the tree plate.

Harvest and processing of bergamot

1. Collection: bergamot begins to blossom and bear fruit 4-5 years after planting. Flowers are picked in the blooming period and picked every morning. Usually there are flowers, and they can also be picked one after another. When picking the sterile flowers, if you see the small oranges in the pregnant flowers are pointed strips, extremely dry and thin, if it is difficult to grow in the future, you can also pick up the flowers that have fallen to the ground. In addition, in colder areas, most of the young fruits are frozen to death after flowering in winter, and can also be picked. The flowers are picked and dried in the sun or dried with anthracite.

2. Fruit harvesting: the fruit ripens one after another from August. When the pericarp changes from green to light yellowish green, it should be harvested in sunny days until it is finished in winter. The fruit is cut into thin slices of 4~7mm with a knife, dried or dried in time. Adult strong trees with good management will produce fresh fruit 20~25kg per tree per year.

Pest control of bergamot

1. Disease

The disease of bergamot is mainly soot disease. after the plant is infected, the leaves initially appear small soot spots, and then gradually expand into black, covering the whole leaves and hindering photosynthesis. It can be controlled by 1000 times of 40% dimethoate EC or 1:1:10 tobacco lime water. Anthracnose was controlled with 25% carbendazim EC 1000-1500 times and anthrax Fumei 800 times.

2. The larvae of leaf miner, orange butterfly and butterfly feed on the leaves.

[control method] 1000 times solution of 90% crystal trichlorfon can be used to control.

3. Blown shells, insect pests, branches and leaves

Control methods: protect natural enemy ladybugs; cut off insect branches and burn them in small amounts; control them with 1000 times of 40% dimethoate EC or 1000 times of parathion EC; use turpentine mixture to add water 8 times 10 times in spring and 16 times 20 times in summer and autumn. Spray for 2 times every 15 days.

3. Aphids and red spiders damage tender branches and leaves

[prevention and control methods]

① leaf miner was controlled with 0.6% trimethoprim 2000 times and 20% Kangfuduo (imidacloprid) 2000-4000 times.

② red spider and rust wall louse were controlled with pyridaben 3000 × 4000 times, triazotin 1000 × 1500 times or propargite 2500 times. Scale insects were controlled with 2000 times of high osmotic imidacloprid and 1000 times of liquid speed. When using medicine, pay attention to grasp the concentration of use, in order to prevent drug damage.