Planting techniques of traditional Chinese Medicine

Due to the lack of natural resources of traditional Chinese medicine, artificial cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine has become a trend. every grower, whether large or retail, should carefully grasp the planting characteristics, variety, water and fertilizer, meteorological geography, market forecast, employment and management. All kinds of domestic efforts should be made to improve the scientific farming level in order to achieve high efficiency in the cultivation of medicinal materials.

The choice of planting site

Soil conditions directly affect the quality and yield of medicinal materials. Most Chinese herbs are suitable to grow in the soil with deep soil layer, high fertility and neutral pH. Root and rhizome medicinal materials are suitable for planting in sandy soil. Deep cultivated land is required for those with deep roots such as Radix Astragali and licorice, but if the soil is not suitable, even deep ploughing will make the root system grow poorly and affect the quality of the commodity. Site selection should also pay attention to the content of heavy metal elements such as arsenic, mercury, lead and copper in the soil, and should not exceed the standard according to the standard of green vegetable production. Do not choose saline-alkali, low-lying, waterlogged land.

1. Avoid selecting high-yield farmland as far as possible, which is not only to reduce the land cost, but also to reduce the pollution of pesticides and other fields, which is not suitable for the cultivation of green medicinal materials.

2. If you do not plant woody medicinal materials, do not choose mountainous areas with large slopes. The state strictly forbids planting except trees on slopes above 25 degrees. Most Chinese herbal medicines can only grow well on the land below 15 degrees.

3. It is necessary to choose places without pollution or less pollution, such as raw wasteland and abandoned land that has not been cultivated for many years, to avoid the "three wastes" of industry and the main roads. The soil should be deep and well drained. Because most herbs like this kind of soil. Except for a few varieties, the land with too much stickiness and too much acid and alkali should not be selected.

4. In the transitional zone between plain and mountain area, this kind of land resources are more. For example, there are lots of wasteland in Fanchang area of Anhui Province, with hundreds of thousands of mu. The slope is very small, the soil layer is deep, the drainage is good, there is no farming for many years, and there is basically no pollution, so it is an ideal place to build a large-scale green Chinese medicine base.

5. Root and rhizome medicinal materials are suitable for planting in sandy loam or loam with deep and fertile soil, high topography and good drainage.

6. Flowers, grasses and leaves should be planted on moist land with fertile soil and convenient drainage and irrigation.

7. Fruits and seeds are suitable for planting in courtyards and hillsides.

Selection of planting soil

The soil with high fertility is the basis of stable and high yield, so through the construction of water conservancy, deep and fine cropping, rational fertilization and other measures, soil fertility can be continuously improved and the potential fertility can be transformed into effective fertility. Traditional Chinese medicine has a certain range of adaptation to the acidity and alkalinity of the soil, beyond the adaptation range, poor growth, or even death. Most Chinese herbs are suitable to grow in neutral and weakly alkaline soil. The acidity and alkalinity of the soil is not constant and can be changed gradually through appropriate measures.

1. Pure sandy soil, if there is no water, nothing is good. If there is some water in a warm desert, it can still be developed, such as licorice.

2. Sandy soil, sandy soil, beach, seasonal river bed, if you can grow crops, you can grow traditional Chinese medicine, mainly root medicinal materials, such as Platycodon grandiflorum, Fangfeng, Shegan, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Astragali, Radix Isatidis and so on. Many varieties like sandy soil, which is conducive to root growth, more fertilization and high yield.

3, loess, general varieties, roots, flowers and leaves can be planted, the north is loess, water conservancy conditions are the best.

4. The black land in Northeast China is humus soil for many years. There are many varieties of Chinese herbal medicines in the wild, such as Platycodon grandiflorum, Radix Astragali, Guan Fangfeng, Bupleurum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Polygala, and so on.

5. Clay is not conducive to root growth, and it is better not to be planted in the root. The varieties of medicinal aboveground parts can be selected, such as perilla, dandelion, safflower, honeysuckle, wolfberry, patchouli, giant wheat, Di Ding and so on.

Tillage and land preparation

50% of the roots of traditional Chinese medicine are distributed in the plough layer of 5 cm and 30% in the soil layer of 20 cm and 50 cm. Deep ploughing has the effect of increasing production. But deep ploughing varies according to varieties. Deep roots such as Radix Astragali, licorice and Achyranthes bidentata should be ploughed more than 30 cm. Fritillaria, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Pinellia ternata and other shallow roots, ploughing depth of about 15 cm. Other varieties are about 20 cm deep.

Appropriate ploughing, under the premise of not delaying planting, it is best to whiten the soil, leveling and raking fine, so that the ground flat, soil Xuan, loose and solid.

Combined with soil preparation, disinfect the soil with lime or fungus detergent, use 50% phoxim EC 1.5 kg per hectare, mix fine sand or fine soil 375 kg ~ 450 kg, and apply medicine soil to control a variety of underground pests. It is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer and more rotten farm manure, compound fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer to control weeds and prevent grass damage.

Seed collection and breeding of seeds and seedlings

The reproduction methods of traditional Chinese medicine can be divided into sexual and asexual. Sexual reproduction, sowing with seeds, high reproduction coefficient, is the main reproduction methods, such as Radix Astragali, Scutellaria baicalensis, Wangjiangnan, safflower, perilla, Coix, Angelica dahurica, Bupleurum, Fangfeng and cruciferae, amaranth. Asexual reproduction uses stems, leaves, buds, roots and other vegetative organs for reproduction, which is the continuation of maternal stage development, can maintain the excellent characters of the mother, can blossom and bear fruit earlier, and the germination rate is more than 95%. About 35% of the traditional Chinese medicine uses asexual reproduction, such as bulb propagation of Fritillaria and lily, bulb propagation of saffron, rhizome propagation of winter and mint, tuber and root propagation of Pinellia ternata, Radix Rehmanniae, root-splitting propagation of peony, Radix scrophulariae, and so on. Their planting period is usually in the dormant period or before the buds begin to grow. In addition, branches can be used for cutting, striping and grafting. Planting in the dormant period is easy to operate, and after planting it can take root and sprout in time when it meets the appropriate temperature and humidity, and the seedlings can thrive. And replanting after rooting and sprouting is easy to hurt roots and buds, inconvenient operation, weak emergence, plus late planting, short growth period and low yield. In general, asexual reproduction has faster growth, higher yield and shorter growth years than seed reproduction, and can maintain the excellent seed character of the female parent. For example, ginkgo biloba can be propagated with seeds for about 20 years to bear fruit, and if grafted with improved varieties, it can bear fruit in about 5 years. Cornus officinalis seed reproduction takes about 10 years to bear fruit, grafting is used, generally 3 to 5 years can blossom and bear fruit, at the same time, large fruit and high yield. It is suggested that beginners should use seedlings as far as possible to avoid economic losses caused by non-germination of seeds. Under natural conditions, some Chinese herbal medicines can only reproduce sexually, such as ginseng, American ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum, white mustard seed, cassia seed, etc., while others can only reproduce asexually, such as saffron, Chuanxiong and so on. There are also some Chinese herbal medicines that can reproduce both sexually and asexually, such as Rehmannia glutinosa, Radix scrophulariae, peony, peony, licorice, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Fritillaria and so on.

1. The sowing rate should be flexibly controlled according to sowing mode, planting density, 1000-grain weight, germination rate, soil conditions and so on.

2. During the sowing time, most Chinese herbal medicines should be sowed in spring or autumn. Annual, poor cold tolerance, such as Coix, perilla, cassia seed, safflower, Bauhinia mustard should be sown in spring. In the north, perennial herbs such as licorice, Radix Astragali, Platycodon grandiflorum and Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are suitable for spring sowing or summer sowing.

3. Sowing methods, such as strip sowing, spreading sowing, hole sowing and so on, are mostly strip sowing in production, which has the advantages of consistent soil covering depth, neat emergence, good permeability and convenient field operation. Hard seeds can be sowed by machine, saving labor and good sowing quality.

4. Sowing depth and sowing depth determine the success or failure of sowing. Most Chinese herbal medicines have small seeds and weak ability to arch the soil, so they should be sowed shallowly. General principle: the thickness of covering soil is 3 to 5 times the diameter of the seed, about 1 to 2 centimeters, must be compacted after sowing, and the seedling water must be poured.

Disinfection treatment of seeds and seedlings

In order to improve seed germination rate, enhance germination potential and prevent diseases and insect pests, new seeds must be selected and seed treatment should be carried out before sowing.

1. Select and dry the seeds. The seeds with low purity and many impurities should be carefully selected to ensure the purity and fullness of seeds and reduce the damage of diseases, insects and weeds. Drying seeds one or two days before sowing can also promote the activity of enzymes and improve the vigor of seeds.

2. Seed soaking and germination, mechanical damage, chemical treatment and other methods can break seed dormancy, increase seed coat permeability, promote seed water absorption and early germination.

3. Disinfection. It can prevent diseases and insect pests. Mix the seeds with 25% or 50% carbendazim, the dosage is 0.2% of the seed amount, or soak in the medicine solution and dip in the asexual reproduction material.

Types of fertilizers

1. Organic fertilizer

Organic fertilizer, also known as farm fertilizer, such as compost, cake fertilizer, green manure, etc., comes from a wide range of sources and contains a lot of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrient elements. long-term application can improve soil aggregate structure and improve soil properties. improve soil fertilizer conservation, water conservation capacity and ventilation, with the characteristics of the combination of late effect, quick effect and long fertilizer effect. It has a good effect on perennial and root and rhizome Chinese herbal medicine such as yam, Asarum, ginseng, Platycodon grandiflorum and so on. The use of several kinds of organic fertilizers are introduced as follows:

① cake fertilizer. Cake fertilizer has a good effect on the quality of traditional Chinese medicine, and mature cake fertilizer can be used more and more. Generally high nitrogen cruller does not contain toxic substances and can be used as a fertilizer as long as it needs to be crushed. Cruller, who has a low nitrogen content, often contains diosgenin or other toxic substances. When making fertilizer, it needs to be fermented to remove toxins. Cruller contains toxic rapeseed cake, tea cake, tung seed cake, castor seed cake, cypress cake, Xanthium cake, prickly ash biscuit and Chunshu cake and so on.

② human and animal feces and urine. Human and animal feces and urine must be stored and matured before they are suitable for application. It is strictly forbidden to pour immature human and animal feces on traditional Chinese medicine plants. There are three reasons: first, fresh human and animal feces and urine contain a variety of bacteria and viruses; second, fresh human and animal feces and urine are difficult to be absorbed and used by plants and are not easily preserved by the soil; third, the salt and nutrient concentrations in fresh human and animal feces and urine are too high, which will make the distribution of soil nutrients uneven and affect the growth of crops.

③ green manure. China is rich in fertilizer sources. At present, there are more than 200 species of green manure plants that have been cultivated and available for cultivation, which is an important natural fertilizer source to be developed and utilized in the cultivation of traditional Chinese medicine GAP. In the southern provinces of China, the main fertilizer sources of the main crops in the coming year are cultivated in winter fallow fields, such as Ziyunying, golden cauliflower, arrow tongue pea, fertile field radish, broad bean, pea and rape, while the annual green manure is the majority in the northern provinces, such as arrow tongue pea, plant rhinoceros, mung bean and so on.

④ stalk is fat. Straw fertilizer is one of the important sources of organic fertilizer. Crop straw contains a considerable amount of nutrient elements necessary for crops. Under suitable conditions, through the digestion of soil microorganisms or livestock, nutrient elements can be returned to the soil and absorbed and utilized by crops. It is called straw returning to the field. Straw returning to the field can take many forms, such as composting, belly returning (livestock manure), direct turning and pressing, covering and so on. During the operation, the straw should be turned directly into the soil, be careful to mix fully with the soil, do not produce root overhead phenomenon, and add nitrogen-rich human and animal manure, some nitrogen fertilizers can also be used to adjust the C / N ratio to 20:1 after returning to the field.

⑤ microbial fertilizer. Microbial fertilizer is an active microbial preparation produced by specific microbial strains, which has the characteristics of non-toxic and harmless, does not pollute the environment, and has obvious effect on reducing nitrate content and improving the quality of Chinese medicinal materials. It can be used for seed dressing, base fertilizer or topdressing.

⑥ foliar fertilizer. Foliar fertilizer is a kind of fertilizer that is sprayed on plant leaves and can be absorbed by it. It can contain a small amount of natural plant growth regulators (chemical synthetic plant growth regulators are not allowed). It is generally made of natural organic matter extract or fermentation broth inoculated with beneficial bacteria plus nutrients such as vitamins, algae and amino acids, and some are trace element fertilizers. It can be applied one or more times, but the last one must be sprayed 20 days before harvest.

⑦ other fertilizers. Such as sawdust, shavings, wood waste, preservative-free fish residue, bone meal, bone glue waste, poultry and livestock processing waste, sugar factory waste, municipal solid waste and so on. It must be treated innocuously before use and can only be used after reaching the right standard, and the annual limited amount of clayey soil per hectare is not more than 45 tons, and sandy soil is not more than 30 tons.

2. Inorganic fertilizer

Inorganic fertilizer is also called chemical fertilizer, such as urea, calcium superphosphate, ammonia water and so on. This kind of fertilizer contains only one or two kinds of inorganic fertilizer effective components, high effective nutrients and fast fertilizer efficiency, but it is easy to cause soil consolidation, and some fertilizers are selective to plants and soil. Whole grasses, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, Chinese herbal plants can be properly applied chemical fertilizer, but must be used in conjunction with organic fertilizer.

3. Trace element fertilizer

Such as boric acid, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate and so on, are mostly used to soak seeds and fertilize outside the root. The use of this kind of fertilizer should pay attention to the selection of appropriate concentration and dosage, in the case of ensuring fertilizer efficiency and efficacy, combined with pest control, mixed spraying of fertilizers and pesticides.

Topdressing is mainly available fertilizer, and it is better to apply it in non-rainy days. In order to meet the nutrient needs of traditional Chinese medicine in the process of growth and development timely and fully, it must be applied in stages and batches at different stages of its growth and development. Perennial traditional Chinese medicine is often used in different periods, such as turning green, tillering, budding, flowering and so on. Topdressing with seeds and fruits as medicine is better at bud and flowering stage, while topdressing with root, rhizome and bulb can get high yield during underground expansion period. Chinese herbal medicines harvested many times a year should be fertilized in time after each harvest. When topdressing, you should pay attention to the variety, concentration and dosage of fertilizer, so as not to cause fertilizer damage.

Fertilization technology

The growth and development of traditional Chinese medicine needs many kinds of nutrient elements, and the requirements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are large, and the rules of different kinds of fertilizer are also different. the general principles of fertilization are as follows: 1. The general principles of fertilization are as follows: 1. 2-year-old whole herbs, more nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at seedling stage to promote stem and leaf growth, seed and fruit medicinal materials should be applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; perennial and root and underground stem medicinal materials should be fully applied with organic fertilizer during soil preparation. Fertilizer should be applied three times during the growing period, the first after germination in spring, the second in flower bud differentiation, the third before flower consequences, and overwintering fertilizer before dormancy in winter.

1. Under proper deep ploughing, most of the nutrients needed by medicinal plants contained in minerals in the soil are insoluble forms. Only by ploughing and drying the soil properly and accelerating weathering can the nutrient elements be released and absorbed by medicinal plants.

2. Increasing the application of organic fertilizer can make the soil fertile, loose and preserve soil moisture, especially the application of crude fertilizer with more fiber can prevent soil consolidation and salinization. Formula fertilization has passed the soil fertility test, reasonable formula of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and scientific supplement of trace elements such as zinc, molybdenum, boron, calcium, selenium and so on. Foliar spraying in the formula fertilization at the same time, promote foliar spraying fertilizer, not only not easy to make soil salinization, acidification, but also topdressing nutrients to improve soil fertility.

3. Planting scientifically, adjusting measures to local conditions, reasonable rotation, intercropping and interplanting, combining land use with land cultivation, and making balanced use of nutrients in the soil to make the land "forever young".

4. rational drainage and irrigation, irrigation after drying the field, the organic nitrogen is easy to be decomposed, and the ammonium nitrogen increases obviously. On the other hand, the waterlogging in dry land is waterlogged, and if there is a lack of water, the nutrients in the soil are difficult to be absorbed by medicinal plants. Only by rational drainage and irrigation can soil fertility be brought into full play.

5. Middle ploughing can enhance the activity of microorganisms in the soil, which is beneficial to the release and transformation of soil available nutrients and increase soil fertility. Therefore, ploughing is essential.

6. the straw is returned to the field, the straw and crop stems and leaves are chopped, chopped and scattered on the soil surface, and then deeply buried in the soil to decompose and transform it to release effective nutrients and improve soil fertility.

7. Soil conservation, no deep tillage to preserve soil moisture, at the same time, through soil refining, that is, sun and rain, the surface salt of the soil is dissolved to the deep layer, and drip irrigation under plastic film is used to prevent soil consolidation. Combined with improvement, the latent fields should be ditched for drainage, increased application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, flood-drought rotation, etc., and lime could be applied to acid soil to neutralize, promote microbial activity, accelerate the decomposition and transformation of organic matter, and promote fertility.

8. The fertilization methods are different for different soils.

① sandy soil: we should pay attention to organic manure, such as stable manure, compost, green manure, soil manure, etc., and add clay to thicken the soil layer to enhance its ability to retain water and clothing. Topdressing should be applied several times in small amounts to avoid excessive use and loss at one time.

② clayey soil: more organic fertilizer should be applied, combined with sand and furnace ash to loosen the soil, create water permeability and ventilation conditions, and use quick-acting fertilizer as seed fertilizer and early topdressing to promote seedlings and grow.

③ mixed soil: this kind of soil has the advantages of both sandy soil and clay, and it is the most ideal soil for the cultivation of most traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Fertilization is a combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and is applied reasonably according to the needs of each growth stage of the cultivated varieties.

Planting schedule of common medicinal materials

Month can plant varieties remarks January Atractylodes macrocephala, Platycodon grandiflorum, Radix scrophulariae, Radix scrophulariae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Peony, Flos Lonicerae, Radix Rehmanniae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Bupleuri, peppermint, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Fangfeng, Chuanwu, etc. February Eucommia ulmoides, Magnolia, Honeysuckle, papaya, Radix scrophulariae, Phellodendron chinensis, Pinellia ternata, Houttuynia cordata, Phellodendron, Ginkgo biloba, Bauhinia, Potato, Evodia, Ginkgo, Gardenia jasminoides, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and other northern China should not be planted in March. Qu Mai, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Shegan, Houttuynia cordata, Fangfeng, Platycodon grandiflorum, Trichosanthes, Trichosanthes, Radix Scutellariae, Pinellia ternata, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Astragali, Radix Scutellariae, Xu Changqing Ginger, raw land and other golden season north and south are suitable for April Luohanguo, Xianglian, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Pinellia ternata, Tiannanxing, Scutellaria barbata, Chrysanthemum, Shengdi, Anemarrhena, Shegan, Ziyuan, Trichosanthes, Platycodon grandiflorum, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Atractylodes, Radix Bupleuri, Radix Atractylodis, Trichosanthes and other golden seasons are suitable for May Huanglian, Radix Isatidis, Coix, impatient, Chrysanthemum, Scutellaria, Schizonepeta, Platycodon grandiflorum, licorice, Radix Scutellariae, Radix Astragali, Fangfeng, Fangfeng Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Achyranthes bidentata, Radix Achyranthis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Achyranthes bidentata, Radix Pseudostellariae, Radix Pseudostellariae, Tiandong, cauliflower, Cassia, saffron, saffron, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Rhizoma Alismatis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Achyranthes bidentata, Radix Rehmanniae, Saffron, etc. Radix angelicae dahuricae, Radix angelicae dahuricae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Atractylodis, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Platycodon, safflower, Radix Pseudostellariae, Anemarrhena, peony seedlings, summer withered bulbs and other golden seasons are suitable for October, Yuanhu, lily, Shegan, cauliflower, gardenia, honeysuckle, qu Mai, Angelica dahurica, Paeoniae Alba, peony, peony Pseudostellaria, saffron, Platycodon grandiflorum, Atractylodes macrocephala, Reed, safflower, Wang Buliuxing, summer withered ball, Chuanwu, Anemarrhena anemarrhena and other golden season seedlings are suitable for November: Polygonum cuspidatum, Yuanhu, Xuanshen, Shegan, papaya, gardenia, honeysuckle, Atractylodes macrocephala, peony, Pinellia, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Platycodon grandiflorum, Anemarrhena anemarrhena and so on. Seeds: safflower, fenugreek, summer withered ball, Platycodon grandiflorum, Wang Buliuxing, Scutellaria baicalensis, Bupleurum, etc., suitable for December seedlings: Polygonum, Radix scrophulariae, Shegan, Chuanwu, peppermint, bauhinia, honeysuckle, Platycodon grandiflorum, Pinellia, Atractylodes macrocephala, Paeonia lactiflora, peony, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Tiannanxing, Polygonum multiflorum, Fritillaria and so on. Seeds: Platycodon grandiflorum, Bupleurum, Radix Scutellariae, Atractylodes macrocephala, Fangfeng, etc. Suitable for both north and south