Cultivation techniques of Cornus officinalis

Cornus officinalis alias jujube, cornus meat, jujube skin. It belongs to the genus Cornus of Cornaceae. Mainly produced in Zhejiang. Distributed in Anhui, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan and other provinces. The distribution of Funiu Mountain, Tianri Mountain and Qinling Mountains is more concentrated. The vertical distribution ranges from 250 to 1300 meters, but the growth and development is the best between 600 and 900 meters above sea level. The pulp contains 16 kinds of amino acids and a large number of essential elements for the human body. In addition, it contains raw sugars, polysaccharides, malic acid, tartaric acid, phenols, resins, tannins and vitamins An and C with strong physiological activity. Its taste is sour and astringent, and it has the effects of nourishing, invigorating stomach, diuresis, tonifying liver and kidney, tonifying qi and blood and so on. It mainly treats high blood pressure, waist and knee pain, vertigo and tinnitus, impotence, spermatorrhea, menorrhagia and so on.

Plant characteristics

1. Plant characteristics: deciduous trees or small trees, 3-10 m high, black-green leaves, simple leaves opposite, ovate or elliptic, 4-12 cm long, 2-6 cm wide, tip acuminate, base cuneate, leaf surface sparsely hairy, abaxially hairy. Lateral veins 6-8 pairs of flowers are bisexual flowers, yellow umbels, each inflorescence consists of 20-30 flowers, umbels axillary, first leaves open, flowers yellow. Drupe oval, crimson when ripe.

2. Variety introduction: there are Cornus officinalis and Cornus officinalis. The main medicinal cultivation is Cornus officinalis. Although there are no varieties at present, the investigation shows that the intraspecific economic characters have significant variation, so it is easy to select new varieties.

Biological characteristics

1. Growth and development requirements

Loam and sandy soil with fertile soil, deep soil layer and good drainage. Cornus officinalis can survive the winter safely in Beijing, and adult trees can also survive the winter in central and southern Shanxi.

2. Requirements for environmental conditions

① climate is suitable for areas with an average annual temperature of 8-17.5 ℃, strong cold resistance, short-18 ℃ low temperature and annual rainfall of 600-1500 mm.

② topography is mostly distributed in the valleys and lower parts of mountains on shady, semi-shady and sunny slopes. It is more cultivated in the low mountains with an elevation of 250 to 800 meters.

Reproduction method

1. Sexual reproduction

When the autumn fruit is ripe, the ① seed is selected to grow the fruit, remove the pulp and wash it. Because the skin of the seed is thick and hard, it needs to sprout before sowing.

② seed treatment. Place the seeds in 1%-2% lye, rub by hand for 3-5 minutes, then add boiling water and stir until the seeds are immersed in water. Cool for a while, rub for another 3-5 minutes, then soak in cold water for 24 hours, then remove the seeds and place them on the cement ground for 8 hours, repeated for 3 days, when 90% of the shells are cracked, that is, mix the seeds with wet sand at 4:1 and store them in sand.

Sowing and raising seedlings with ③. The Spring Equinox picked out the germinated seeds before and after sowing. Before sowing, he opened a shallow trench on the border with a row spacing of 25 cm and a depth of about 5 cm. The seeds were evenly sprinkled into the ditch and covered with soil 3-4 cm to maintain soil moisture. Seedlings could emerge in 40-50 days. Seed needs 750kg to 1050kg for 15 hectares. When the seedlings grew out of 2 true leaves, the seedling spacing was 7 cm, weeds were removed, the seedlings were ploughed in the first ten days of June, watered once before winter, and the roots of the seedlings were cultivated to survive the winter safely.

④ transplant. The following spring seedlings can be transplanted with a height of 60 cm. Transplanting before the hair tip is the best. It is suitable to plant 450-750 plants per hectare, and about 300 plants per hectare for intercropping crops. Timely maintenance and management after planting, and the requirements for water, fertilizer, light, gas and heat are important measures to ensure high and stable yield.

2. Asexual reproduction

Asexual propagation plants can bear fruit as early as 6 ~ 8 years, maintaining the excellent characteristics of the mother tree. Large fruit, many fruits, thick meat and high peeling rate were selected as the mother plant. In areas with low temperature, attention should be paid to the selection of individual late flowers to avoid low-temperature and rainy weather during flowering.

① striping propagation. After the fruit is harvested in autumn or before the thawing buds sprout on the ground, the 2023-year-old branches are bent to the ground and cut to the essence of 1. 3 branches are buried in the soil with rotten hot barnyard manure, covered with 15 cm sandy loam, and the tip of the branch is exposed to the ground. Watering frequently, the pressing soil that has already taken root is removed in the second winter or the third spring, and the connection with the mother plant is cut off, and the roots and seedlings will be planted elsewhere.

② cuttage propagation. In the middle and last ten days of May, the branches of the excellent plants were cut into 15cm and 20cm, and the upper part of the branches were retained with 2 leaves, and inserted into the seedling bed made by mixing humus soil and fine sand. The row spacing was 20 cm × 8 cm, the depth was 12 cm 16 cm, and the covering soil was 12 cm 16 cm, compacted. Pour enough water, cover agricultural film, keep the temperature 26: 30 ℃, relative humidity 60% 80%, build a shade above, the transmittance is 25%, and adjust the transmittance to 10% in mid-June to avoid strong light. Remove the shade shed and pour enough water before overwintering. The following year, properly loosen the soil and pull up grass, strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, and plant seedlings in late autumn and early winter or in the early spring of the following year.

Field management

1. Seedling stage management

Keep the soil moist before emergence. Weeds are removed after emergence. Weeds can be weeded and fertilized once when the seedlings are 15 cm high. If the seedling is too dense, it can be interspersed when the seedling height is 12cm to 15cm. The seedlings were loosened and fertilized for 2 or 3 times. When the seedlings can not reach the planting height, pour frozen water once before winter and cover with weeds or cow and horse manure to keep warm and wet and survive the winter safely.

2. Management after planting.

① irrigation. There should be three major irrigations a year. The first time before the Spring Festival sprouting and flowering, the second time in the summer fruit filling period, the third time before the beginning of winter.

② weeding and fertilization. Ploughing and weeding 4 or 5 times a year. Topdressing was applied once in spring and autumn, and each tree for more than 10 years applied 5kg of human feces and urine. In the period of topdressing, the early stage of young fruit in the middle of April had the best effect. The effect of spraying 0.1% boron solution is also better when topdressing in full bloom and fruit setting stage.

③ pruning. When the young tree is 1 meter high, the top tip is removed in February to promote the growth of lateral branches. In the young tree stage, the clustered branches of the tree base are cut off in early spring every year to promote the growth of the trunk. Pruning is mainly light pruning to promote the rapid transformation of vegetative branches into fruiting branches. Cut off the too thin, too dense branches and overgrown branches from the base to facilitate ventilation and light transmission and improve the seed setting rate. For the auxiliary branches on the inside of the main branch, circular peeling, coring and twisting should be carried out in June to weaken the growth potential, promote early fruiting and early high yield. Young trees can cultivate soil once or twice a year, and adult trees can cultivate soil once every 2 or 3 years. If the roots are exposed, they should be choked in time.

Pest control

The main results are as follows: 1. The disease has gray plaster disease, which is easy to occur in adult plants and is transmitted by shell worms. At the initial stage of the disease, the disease is protected by spraying 1-100 Bordeaux solution. Anthracnose caused damage to fruit in early June. For prevention and treatment, see grey plaster disease. Powdery mildew, damaging plants, spraying 50% topiramate 1000 times at the initial stage of the disease.

2. Fruit moths are harmful to fruit pests. Spray 2.5% deltamethrin in the peak period of adult Eclosion to select well-drained, fertile and loose sandy loam or loam soil. When the pH is lower than 4.5, the growth is poor. At present, the soil with the best growth results of Cornus officinalis in each producing area is the black leaching lime soil developed by limestone and the red-yellow soil developed by granite in the mountain area. Fertilizing 60-75000 kg per hectare, deep ploughing and raking are fine and flattened to make a border 10 meters wide for sowing.

Harvest and processing

The ripening time of the fruit is October. After harvest, the core is removed and the pericarp is dried in time, preferably fuchsia.