Cultivation techniques of Salvia miltiorrhiza

Salvia miltiorrhiza belongs to the genus Salvia of Labiatae. Also known as: purple Salvia miltiorrhiza, Red Root, Blood Ginseng, Dahongpao and so on. Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae is used as medicine and contains tanshinone, cryptotanshinone, sage phenol, tanshinone and so on. The taste is bitter and the nature is slightly cold. It has the functions of promoting blood circulation and regulating menstruation, dispelling blood stasis and giving birth to new, calming the nerves, cooling blood and eliminating carbuncle, reducing swelling and pain, and so on. It is used to treat irregular menstruation, dysmenorrhea, postpartum abdominal pain, arthralgia, neurasthenia, insomnia, palpitation, carbuncle, sore and poison, etc. Modern medical clinic has proved that Salvia miltiorrhiza can dilate blood vessels and increase coronary blood flow, and it is effective in treating coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and tachycardia, as well as chronic hepatitis and early liver cirrhosis. Salvia miltiorrhiza is an important raw material in the pharmaceutical industry, which is in great demand. At present, it is cultivated artificially all over the country. Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang and other provinces.

Morphological characteristics

Salvia miltiorrhiza is a perennial herb. The plant height is 30cm to 70cm. The root is fleshy, fleshy, branched, the outer skin is red, the inner yellow-white, about 30 cm long. Stem square, villous. Leaves odd-pinnate, opposite, leaflets 3-7, ovoid, margin obtusely serrate, both sides villous. Verticillate racemes, terminal or axillary, flowers lilac or white, lip-shaped; nutlets 4; elliptic, grayish black when mature. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period is from June to August.

Growth habit

Salvia miltiorrhiza prefers a warm, humid and sunny environment. It grows well under the conditions of an annual average temperature of 17.15 ℃ and an average relative humidity of 77%. When the temperature is-5 ℃, the stems and leaves suffer frost damage; the underground roots are cold-tolerant and can survive the winter in the open air, and the seedlings encounter high temperature and drought weather, growth stagnation or death. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a deep-rooted plant, which grows well in sandy loam with deep and fertile soil, good drainage and medium fertility. The soil is too fertile and ginseng roots do not grow sturdy; rotting roots can be caused in low-lying land with waterlogging and poor drainage. It is better that the pH of soil is near neutral. Salvia miltiorrhiza grows poorly in sandy or clayey soil.

After the salvia miltiorrhiza plant turned green, the stem and leaf grew faster from March to April, and the plant died after the fruit matured. After falling the seedling, the plant grew new buds and leaves again, and entered the second growth. The mother plant generally had 3-5 ramets, and began to branch from the first ten days of April. Flowering stems are less in autumn, and only 1/3 in spring, long sunshine time from July to August is beneficial to root growth.

Mode of reproduction

To split roots, Reed head-based reproduction, but also seed sowing and cutting propagation.

1. Root-splitting propagation. When harvesting Salvia miltiorrhiza in autumn, the red, non-rotting, well-developed roots with a diameter of about 0.7-1 cm were selected as seed roots and stored in wet sand to be planted in the following spring. Can also choose to leave strong growth, disease and insect pests-free plants can not be dug in situ, left as seed plants, to be planted along with digging. Spring planting, in early spring from February to March, on the flat and fine planting border, dig holes according to row spacing 33 cm 35 cm, plant spacing 23 cm 25 cm, hole depth 5 cm 7 cm, apply appropriate amount of manure or soil fertilizer at the bottom of the hole as base fertilizer, mix well with the bottom soil. Then, the tender root with a diameter of 0.7 cm to 1.0 cm was cut into small segments with a length of 5 cm and 7 cm as seed roots, big head up, and each hole was planted vertically into 1 section. After planting, it was covered with fire soil ash, and then covered with fine soil about 2 cm thick. It should not be too thick, otherwise it will be difficult to sprout, nor can it be planted upside down, otherwise it will not sprout. It takes about 50 kilograms to plant roots per mu. Because of the low temperature in the north, plastic film mulching can be used to cultivate seedlings.

2. Reed head reproduction. When harvesting and digging the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, the plants with strong growth and free of diseases and insect pests were selected, and the thick roots were cut off for medicinal use. The fine roots with a diameter of 0.6 cm together with the Reed heads on the roots were cut for seed planting, and the holes were dug according to the row spacing of 33 × 23 cm, which was the same as the method of root division. Finally, cover the fine soil with a thickness of 2cm to 3cm and add a little compaction.

3. Seed propagation. Yang border was selected for sowing in late March. The width of the border is 1.3m, the row spacing is 33cm, and the ditch depth is 1cm. Because the seeds of Salvia miltiorrhiza are small, they should be evenly scattered with fine sand into the ditch, and the soil should not be too thick. When the local temperature reaches 18: 22 ℃, the seedlings can emerge in about half a month. After emergence, punch holes in the plastic film to release seedlings, when the seedling height is 6 cm, the seedlings can be transplanted in late May. In the south, it is suitable for seeds to mature in June and sow with picking and sowing, and the emergence of seedlings is the highest. You can also sow seeds around the beginning of autumn.

4. Cuttage propagation. From April to May in the south and from July to August in the north. First, the nursery bed border surface will be watered, then, cut the strong stem branches, cut and grow 17cm to 20cm, insert the cuttings obliquely into the soil, the depth of the cuttings is the cuttings with the depth of the cuttings, the cuttings should not be planted for a long time, otherwise the seedling rate will be affected. After insertion, keep the bed soil moist, properly shaded, it can take root in about half a month. When the root is 3 cm long, it will be planted in the field.

Among the above four propagation methods, Reed head was used as breeding material, and the yield was the highest. The second is root propagation.

Planting technology

1. Land selection and preparation. In the nursery land, the plots with high topography, loose soil layer and convenient irrigation should be selected. Ploughing before sowing, apply rotten barnyard manure or compost as base manure, fine rake flat, for high border sowing. Planting land should be planted in plots with deep, loose, fertile, high terrain and good drainage. Mountains, it is appropriate to choose sunny low slopes, the slope should not be too large. The root of Salvia miltiorrhiza is deep, and it is more than 33 cm deep in the soil. Therefore, after the previous harvest, turn the soil more than 35 cm deep, combined with soil preparation, apply rotten stable manure or compost 2500~3000kg per mu, add superphosphate 50kg, turn into the soil as base fertilizer. Before planting, ploughing again, fine rake flat, into a 1.3-meter-wide high border, surrounded by a deep drainage ditch to facilitate drainage.

2. Transplant. After spring sowing, the seedlings can be transplanted after about 75 days. It can be planted in spring or in autumn. Spring planting is in mid-May and autumn planting is in late October. It should be early rather than late, transplant early, take root early, and return green early the next year. When planting, dig holes according to the row spacing of 33 × 23 cm on the border surface, depending on the root length, and apply appropriate amount of manure as base fertilizer at the bottom of the hole. After mixing evenly with the hole soil, 2 seedlings are planted in each hole. The planting depth is based on the original natural growth depth of the seedlings, and the heart bud can be slightly exposed. Water the roots thoroughly after planting. The cuttings were planted with 1 plant in each hole and planted in the hole according to the same method and planting density.

Field management

1. Ploughing, weeding and topdressing.

After finishing the seedlings in the first sentence of April, one time of intermediate ploughing and weeding should be carried out, and the soil should be loosened shallowly, followed by a forced application of dilute human and animal manure water, 1500kg per mu, and the second time from early May to early June, once rotten human feces and urine, 2000kg per mu, plus cake fertilizer 50kg. The third time from late June to mid-July, combined with mid-tillage and weeding, re-applied mature and slightly thicker manure, 3000kg per mu, plus calcium superphosphate 25kg and cake fertilizer 50kg to promote ginseng root growth and development. The method of fertilization can be ditch application or hole application, and after application, cover soil and cover fertilizer.

(1) the growth habit of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a perennial herb with well-developed roots with a depth of 60-80 cm, so it is most beneficial to root growth on sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose texture. When the soil is too sticky, poor ventilation and poor water, it often causes rotten roots, so that the whole plant withered, and the root sprouting power is strong, so it can be propagated by the method of dividing roots. The upper and middle part of the root strip germinated faster than the lower part. The results showed that the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza grew with the aboveground growth, and in the later stage, with the gradual decrease of air temperature, the aboveground growth was gradually slow, the nutrients transferred to the lower part, and the root grew more rapidly.

(2) Fertilizer requirement characteristics of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Salvia miltiorrhiza plant has strong fertilizer absorption, and depending on its strong root system, it can absorb nutrients from the surface and deep layers of the soil. In the general medium fertility soil, it can grow and develop well, and the effect is better when applying more base fertilizer and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer. When nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are seriously deficient, Salvia miltiorrhiza plants will show certain physiological morbidity. In the case of serious nitrogen deficiency, the initial leaf color gradually changed from dark green to light green, and the plant grew slowly; in severe cases, the growth point was undeveloped or even necrotic, new leaves no longer grew, old leaves gradually withered and yellow, roots were small, and the yield of medicinal materials was very low. In the case of phosphorus deficiency, the leaves are green, sometimes reddish brown, there are obvious brown spots on the early leaves, but in the later stage, the spots expand and dry, the leaves sometimes twist, and the heart leaves grow slowly. When potassium deficiency, the leaves of the plant are green to dark green, the leaves are broad, the petiole is slender and tender, and the performance is too long. Sometimes there are large brown spots on the edge of the old leaves, the veins are dark green, other parts are light green, and obvious spots appear.

(3) fertilization technology of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Because Salvia miltiorrhiza is a fertilizer-loving medicinal plant, we must first apply sufficient basic fertilizer when sowing; the basic fertilizer is mainly mixed fertilizer of farm soil, such as rotten pig, sheep pen fertilizer or coke ash, and the application rate is 1000~1200kg per 667m2 (1 mu). After mixing with the soil, the land is flattened. In addition to applying basal fertilizer, topdressing should be applied at least 2 or 3 times during plant growth. Topdressing in the early stage of growth, mainly nitrogen fertilizer or human and animal manure; in the middle stage of growth depends on seedling fertilization; after autumn, it is better to apply long root fertilizer, such as calcium superphosphate and other phosphorus and potassium mixed fertilizer.

2. Remove the flower bolts. Salvia miltiorrhiza will bolt and blossom one after another from late April to May. In order to concentrate nutrients on the root growth, except for the seed land, the flower bolts should be cut off sooner rather than later.

3. Irrigation and drainage. Salvia miltiorrhiza most avoid stagnant water, in the rainy season to clear ditches and drainage; in case of dry weather, timely ditch irrigation or watering, excess stagnant water should be eliminated in time to avoid waterlogging.

Diseases and insect pests and their control

1. Root rot

At the initial stage of infection, individual branch roots or whisker roots turn brown and rot, and then gradually spread to the main root, the outer skin becomes black, and the whole root rotten. Individual stems and branches in the aboveground part first withered, and finally the whole plant died. Most of them occur from May to November.

[prevention and control methods]

① rotation.

At the initial stage of the onset of ②, 50% topiramate was irrigated with 800-1000 times solution.

2. Leaf spot

Leaf spot is a bacterial disease. Damage to the leaves, the upper part of the nearly round or irregular dark brown disease spot, serious disease spot expansion and confluence, resulting in leaf death. It occurred in early May and lasted until the end of autumn, and it was the most serious from June to July.

[prevention and control methods]

① strengthens farmland management and implements crop rotation.

② increased the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, or sprayed 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves to improve the disease resistance of the plant.

At the initial stage of ③, 50% carbendazim was sprayed 500 times 1000 times or 70% topiramate 800 times, once every 7 days for 2 times in a row.

3. Yin nuclear disease

The stem base, root bud and rhizome area of the diseased plant gradually rotted into dark brown, and the plant withered and died. There were black rat feces and white mycelia in the disease site, inside the stem base and on the nearby soil.

[prevention and control methods]

① keeps the soil dry and removes stagnant water in time.

The site of ② disease can be planted in paddy field, drowned seed seed, and then used as Salvia miltiorrhiza cultivation field.

During the outbreak of ③, 50% ammonium chloride 0.5kg plus lime 10kg was mixed into a fungicide, which was sprinkled on the base of the diseased plant stem and the soil near it to prevent the spread of the disease.

④ was irrigated with 1000 times the solution of 50% Sukeling.

4. Root knot nematode disease

Root-knot nematode disease is a parasitic disease. The disease is parasitized by root-knot nematodes on the fibrous roots of plants, forming many nodules. Generally, Salvia miltiorrhiza is vulnerable to insect pests when cultivated on sandy and breathable soil.

[prevention and control methods]

① does not continue cropping and can be rotated with Gramineae plants such as wheat and corn.

② used 80% dibromochlorobenzane 2~3kg to add water 100kg, ditched and applied to the soil 15 days before planting, and covered with soil to prevent the volatilization of the solution and improve the control effect.

5. Spodoptera litura

Spodoptera litura generally occurs in summer and autumn. the larvae bite on the leaves and eat up all the leaves in serious cases. Five generations of Spodoptera litura occurred every year, and the second generation larvae began to damage the leaves of Salvia miltiorrhiza from June to July, especially from late July to mid-August.

[prevention and control methods]

After ① harvest, the diseased plants were burned to kill the overwintering eggs.

② can hang black light in the ground to trap and kill moths.

When the ③ larvae appeared, they were sprayed with 10% permethrin 2000,000x or 90% trichlorfon 800x. Spray twice a week for 3 times in a row.

Harvesting, processing and processing

1. The harvest of roots. Root harvesting can be carried out in different periods. Split-root propagation, Reed head propagation and cuttage propagation can be collected in November of the same year or before germination in the spring of the second year after cultivation, while seeds propagated in October-November of the second year after transplanting or before germination in the early spring of the third year. As the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza is brittle and easy to break, it should be dug in sunny days and when the soil is semi-dry and semi-wet. After digging, it can be exposed in the field, removed the soil, transported back for processing, and must not wash the roots with water.

2. Root processing. When the roots are 50-60% dry, gather the roots of each plant, tie them into small handfuls, sun up to 80% to 90%, and fold them up again. When the fibrous roots are all dried, they will become commercial medicinal materials. The roots can be dried directly in the north. The ratio of fresh to dry is 3.1 to 4.4. Some producing areas in the south have the habit of piling up during processing. According to scientific research, the method of heap-up-# 39; sweating-# 39; will reduce the content of tanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiza root, so this method is not suitable. Generally yield dry goods per mu 200~250kg. Take no Reed head, no root, no mildew, no less than 7 cm long segments as qualified products; the root strip is stout and the skin is purplish red.

3. Seed harvesting. The plants left in the field began to bloom in May of the following year, but extended until October. In June, the seeds mature one after another, cut in batches, beat the seeds in the sun, and then dry them. Seeds are not resistant to storage, so it is best to sow them in the same year.

4. Processing

(1) name of the prescription. Salvia miltiorrhiza, wine salvia miltiorrhiza.

(2) Source. Definition: Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae is the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza.

(3) Historical evolution. In the Tang Dynasty, there was a processing method of making purple ("daughter"). In the last generation, there were stir-frying, baking ("general record"), baking ("treasure") and other methods. There are some processing methods in Ming and Qing dynasties, such as wine washing ("introduction"), wine soaking ("original"), wine stir-frying ("distinguishing meaning"), wine steaming ("pen flower"), pig painstaking mixing and stir-frying ("harmful benefit") and so on. At present, there are some processing methods, such as wine broiling, rice stir-frying, stir-frying, wine moistening bran stir-frying and so on.

(4) processing method

① Salvia miltiorrhiza take the original medicinal materials, remove impurities and residual stems, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut thick slices, dry. Sift out the crumbs.

② wine Salvia miltiorrhiza tablets, add quantitative yellow rice wine to mix well, slightly moist, after the wine has been absorbed, put in the stir-frying container, heat with low heat, stir-fry dry, take out to cool. Sift out the crumbs. Salvia miltiorrhiza tablets per 100kg, with yellow rice wine 10kg.

(5) the character of finished product. Salvia miltiorrhiza is a round-like thick piece, one-sided red-yellow or yellowish-brown, with scattered yellow-white veins, radially arranged, slightly yellow in the center and dark reddish-brown in the periphery. The breath is slight and the taste is slightly bitter. Wine Salvia miltiorrhiza has a yellowish brown surface and slightly alcoholic aroma.

(6) processing effect. Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae is used in many ways. Raw products are strong in dispelling blood stasis and relieving pain, and can pass through the blood vessels, and are good at regulating the uneven meridians of women. Because of their cold nature, they are mainly used for sore carbuncle caused by blood-heat stasis, postpartum stasis pain, amenorrhea abdominal pain, heartache and limb pain. For example, Salvia miltiorrhiza drink ("Medical Golden Needle"), Xiaolu decoction ("Shenxilu"), or Qingying decoction ("Diao Dian") for treating febrile diseases and entering Ying blood are used for all kinds of heartache ("medical golden needle"). After the wine is made, it can ease the cold, enhance the ability of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, regulating menstruation, and can pass through the blood, and be good at regulating the uneven meridians of women. It is mainly used for irregular menstruation, blood stagnation and amenorrhea, lochia, chest pain, accumulation of dysmenorrhea and so on. Such as the addition and subtraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza Powder for irregular menstruation ("Women's Theory"), Huo Luo Ling elixir for treating qi and blood stagnation and heart and chest pain ("Shenxilu"), and Duhuo San for treating rheumatism and arthralgia ("Puji prescription").

(7) processing research

The effect of ① on physical and chemical properties. The analysis of the water composition before and after slicing of Salvia miltiorrhiza showed that the loss of water composition was serious when it was soaked in water before and after slicing. The loss of total phenols is about 97%, and the loss of protocatechuic aldehyde is about 55%. The situation of soaking for 24 hours and 72 hours is basically the same. Because phenolic components are easy to oxidize and deteriorate, when softened by moistening method, the total phenolic components also lose nearly 50%. However, the content of total tanshinone in soaking group is higher than that in non-soaking and wetting group, which is due to the loss of water composition, which leads to the easy dissolution of fat-soluble components. The determination of the content of water-soluble total phenols in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and its different processed products showed that the leaching amount of water-soluble total phenols increased significantly after wine, vinegar or charcoal, especially in Salvia miltiorrhiza charcoal, which was more than 5 times that of raw products. It shows that Salvia miltiorrhiza can significantly increase the leaching amount of water-soluble total phenols of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is consistent with the literature that alcohol can promote blood circulation and regulate menstruation and enhance the effect of promoting blood circulation and analgesia.

The effect of ② on pharmacological action. Through the comparative experiment, the effects of three different processed products of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Salvia miltiorrhiza fried with vinegar on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, the changes of aRP (glutamic pyruvic transaminase) and the pathological changes of liver in the model of toxic hepatitis were observed. the results showed that raw Salvia miltiorrhiza and alcohol could significantly reduce the increase of aRP in rabbit model, especially in raw Salvia miltiorrhiza, but the effect of salvia miltiorrhiza fried in vinegar was not significant. The results of liver pathological observation were consistent with this.

(8) Storage. Storage and drying container, wine salvia miltiorrhiza airtight, put in a ventilated and dry place, moistureproof.