Cultivation techniques of Radix Pseudostellariae

Radix Pseudostellariae is a dry tuber root of different leaves of Caryophyllaceae, which has the effect of tonifying qi and blood, invigorating fluid, tonifying spleen and stomach. It is suitable for children with chronic fever, poor diet, lung deficiency, cough, palpitation and other weakness in summer, as well as weakness, spontaneous sweating, night sweating and mouth equality. Distributed in Guizhou, Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces. At present, it is cultivated all over the country. It is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and has been listed by the Ministry of Health as "the list of Chinese herbs that can be used for health food". It can be said that Radix Pseudostellariae is a kind of traditional Chinese medicine for both medicine and food. With the increasing demand for food in recent years, traditional Chinese medicine such as Radix Pseudostellariae will shine.

An overview of Radix Pseudostellariae

1. Brief introduction of Radix Pseudostellariae

Prince ginseng, also known as child ginseng, child ginseng, double batches of seven, four-leaf ginseng, rice ginseng. The main products are mainly produced in Guizhou, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong, Anhui and other places. Among them, Radix Pseudostellariae produced in Zherong County, Fujian Province is the most famous, which is currently cultivated all over the country.

2. The origin of the name

During the Spring and Autumn period, the son of the King of Zheng, a 5-year-old, talented and intelligent, was able to discern loyalty and adultery, and was deeply loved by the king. But the prince was frail and sick from time to time, and the treatment in the palace was ineffective. After the king made a list of tonifying medicines, and offered a great reward. For a time, there was an endless stream of doctors from all over the country, but they were all used as ginseng tonics, but they did not work. One day, a white-haired old man unveiled the list of medicines, claiming that he was not offering a reward, but for the sake of the prince and the country. The king said to the old man, "you can learn from it sincerely, but if the medicine does not work, you are afraid of being bullied." The old man said with a smile: "the prince is young and tender, and the medicine for tonifying the disease needs to be done step by step." I have a medicine that will take effect in a hundred days. " So the prince took the slender, yellow-and-white grass roots offered by the old man. Three months later, the fruit was plump and unstained. At this time, the king believed what the old man said. In addition to his great joy, the Jin prince was the crown prince, and he was eager to find the old man to reward him, but the old man was hard to find. The king asked the old man what the medicine was, but everyone shook his head and did not know. The near minister remonstrated and said, "the medicine has the nature of ginseng. To save the body of the prince, let's call it prince ginseng." As a result, the good name of "Prince ginseng" spread.

3. Morphological characteristics.

Radix Pseudostellariae is a perennial herb with a height of 15-20cm. There are fleshy direct fusiform tubers and sparse fibrous roots in the ground. Stem simple, unbranched, lower purplish, nearly square, upper green, cylindrical, with obviously inflated nodes, smooth glabrous. Leaves opposite; leaves on lower part of stem smallest, oblanceolate, apex acute, base narrowed into stalk, entire, larger upward, largest at stem top, usually two pairs densely joined into 4 whorls, long ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 4-9cm long, 2-4.5cm wide, apex acuminate, base narrowed into stalks, leaves sparsely hairy on dorsal veins, margin slightly undulate. Flower type 2: the flowers near the ground are small and closed. Pedicels purple pubescent, sepals 4, abaxially purple, margin white and membranous, apetalous; flowers on stem apex larger and open, pedicels slender, 1-2 (- 4) cm long, pubescent, erect when flowering, pendulous after anthesis, sepals 5, lanceolate, green, abaxially and margin hairy; petals 5, white, apex shallowly toothed-2-lobed or obtuse; stamens 10; ovary ovate, style 3. Capsule subglobose. There are a few seeds, brown, oblate or oblong reniform, with verrucous protuberances. The flowering period is April and the fruiting period is May-June.

4. Physiological characteristics.

Radix Pseudostellariae likes to grow in a warm and humid environment, afraid of high temperature, and its growth and development stops above 30 ℃. Afraid of strong light exposure, easy to die in the hot sun, more hardy. It can survive the winter safely at-17 ℃. It can also sprout and take root at low temperature. Grow well in shady and wet conditions, like fertile and loose soil, rich in humus soil, and grow well in sandy soil. Low waterlogged land, clay soil, solid soil, poor drainage, soil containing less humus. The poor soil does not grow well.

5. Characters of medicinal materials.

The dried root of Radix Pseudostellariae is in the shape of a slender strip or a long spindle, with a length of about 2 cm and a diameter of about 3 mm. The surface is yellowish white, translucent, with fine wrinkles and concave whisker root marks, the root head is obtuse and round, and there are often residual stem scars on it. the lower end is tapering like a rat tail. Crisp and easy to break, yellow-white and bright cross-section, direct sun-dried cross-section is white, powdery, slightly sweet, with fat, yellow-white, non-fibrous root is the best. The number of parenchyma cells in the cortex was lengthened in multiple tangential directions. The phloem is narrow; the phloem ray is wide. The cambium ring is obvious. Xylem accounts for most of the root; wood rays are very broad; ducts are scattered or arranged radially in 2-3 bundles; primary xylem 3-4 archetypes. The parenchyma cells of this product are full of starch grains, and some contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals with a diameter of 12-60 μ m, which can be easily seen in the xylem.

6. the prospect of industrial development.

Radix Pseudostellariae, as a traditional Chinese medicine for both medicine and food, can be used not only as a combination of medicinal materials, but also as a good food therapy. More famous, such as Prince ginseng stewed native chicken, Prince ginseng Tremella stewed venison, Huangqi red jujube prince ginseng soup and so on. Prince ginseng is mild in medicine, which can strengthen the body and improve immunity. It is especially suitable for children. At present, the more famous and large-scale Prince ginseng industrial bases in the country are Tuorong Prince ginseng and Niudachang Town Prince ginseng. The price of national prince ginseng is measured by the price of Tuorong prince ginseng. With the development of the industry of Radix Pseudostellariae, the deep processing of Radix Pseudostellariae, such as slices, extract and edible Radix Pseudostellariae, has also made great progress. Radix Pseudostellariae, as a traditional Chinese medicine, was mainly circulated as a traditional Chinese medicine in the past. at present, some processing enterprises of Radix Pseudostellariae have set their sights on abroad. I believe that Radix Pseudostellariae will go abroad in the near future. to make due contributions to the modernization of Chinese traditional Chinese medicine.

Cultivation techniques

1. Variety selection

The varieties with strong adaptability, disease resistance, high quality, high yield and good commodity were selected for cultivation.

2. Methods of reproduction

① seed propagation. Because Radix Pseudostellariae is the capsule seed maturation is inconsistent, the capsule is dehiscent, the seed falls off naturally, is not easy to harvest. Generally, the seedlings are cultivated on the spot after the harvest of Radix Pseudostellariae, shallow ploughing about 2 cm with a hoe, then adding human feces and urine, planting autumn vegetables or big green leaves and other medicinal materials, applying human feces and urine again after autumn vegetables are harvested, and 6-7 days later, the ground is covered with straw or wheat straw. The seedlings came out in April of the following year, and soon Daqingye also collected seeds. Cut the stems from the ground, remove the covered grass, manage the field, and remove too many seedlings from time to time. When the seedling has 5 leaves, transplant it in the evening or cloudy day, bury the stem nodes of the seedlings horizontally into the soil, leaving the apical leaves. Pay attention to shading (covering straw or setting up a shade). Remove the mulch after the new roots are grown. In some places, the seeds are harvested and stored in wet sand for autumn or spring sowing. From May to June, before the fruit is about to mature, cut off the fruit stalk, put it in a ventilated and dry place in the room and dry it in the shade. After threshing and selection, wet storage is carried out immediately, otherwise it will not sprout. The method is as follows: 1 part of the seed and 2-3 parts of clean river sand are mixed evenly, and the humidity of the sand is in the form of a ball and loosened by hand. Then, put it into a medium-sized wooden box, flatten it, cover it with 2cm thick fine sand, leave the box uncovered, store in a ventilated and cool room and sow seeds in autumn or spring of the following year. Sowing seedlings: spring sowing, from late February to mid-March; autumn sowing, after the heat of September. On the whole seedbed, the row spacing is 15cm to 20cm, and the ditch is 1cm deep. Then, the budding seeds mixed with vegetation evenly sowed into the ditch, covered with a thickness of about 1 cm, with no seeds for the degree. Cover with straw or weeds, water once, moisturize and keep warm. It can also be sowed: make the border into a high or flat border 150 cm wide, loosen and rake flat, then mix 1 part of sprouting seed with 10 parts of fine soil, sprinkle evenly into the surface, then use tooth rake to flatten the border surface, sprinkle with fine fertile soil or charcoal to keep warm and moisturizing, but not too thick. Always keep the bed moist after sowing, and seedlings can emerge in about half a month. In case of dry weather, water should be watered to preserve moisture to facilitate the emergence of seedlings. After emergence, remove the cover grass, strengthen the seedling bed management, and transplant when the seedlings grow 2-3 pairs of true leaves.

② tuberous root propagation. Root-splitting propagation is often used in large-scale production. Leave seeds in situ, select plots with strong plant growth, stay in the ground, and interplant corn or beans between rows from April to May. In the hot summer climate, interplanting crops is the period of exuberant growth, which can provide shade for Pseudostellaria heterophylla and reduce the ground temperature. make it safe to spend the summer. When children are planted in autumn, they are dug up and planted. The tuber roots with intact bud head, large and neat body, no injury and no diseases and insect pests were selected for seed. Planting should not be too late, too deep or too shallow, usually in October. Root tuber cultivation method: according to the row spacing of 15 cm * 6 cm, oblique or flat planting into the ditch. The planting depth should be 6-9 cm. Radix Pseudostellariae has the characteristics of "stem node rooting", and the planting depth is related to the yield: too shallow, the root tuber grows in the upper layer, the ginseng body is small and easy to fork; too deep, although the root tuber is hypertrophic, but the number of roots is small and the yield is low. Generally, one female ginseng is planted, which can produce more than 10 child ginseng. The sprouting and growth of seedlings depends on the nutrients provided by the mother ginseng. After the plant has withered, the mother ginseng has rotted. At this time, the daughter ginseng grows in the soil and goes into summer dormancy.

3. Field cultivation

① parcel selection. Should choose loose and fertile slightly inclined dry land to the north hillside, especially the stubble land is the best. In order to reduce the disease source and reduce the disease, the rotation should be carried out every 2-3 years, and the previous crops such as Solanaceae tobacco, vegetables and Gramineae crops can be avoided. The planting land is ploughed 20 cm deep, the border is 0.8 mi 1.4 m wide and 25 cm high. The border surface is tortoise-shaped and the ditch is 30 cm wide.

② land consolidation. Clean up the residual branches and leaves on the land and cultivate it carefully to make the soil layer loose. 15 days before planting, 0.5 kg of 50% phoxim EC was sprayed with 800 times liquid, and then the topsoil was turned into the soil layer to prevent underground pests. The plant of Radix Pseudostellariae is short, and its economic goal is root tuber. in order to avoid root injury or contact between fertilizer and seed ginseng, it is not suitable to be ploughed and topdressing in the later stage. Adequate application of base fertilizer and mastery of suitable planting concentration are the key measures for high yield, mainly re-application of base fertilizer. 10cm deep planting ditch was opened laterally on the border surface, with a distance of 13ml and 15cm. Each mu was retted with 1200 kg of plant ash, 40 kg of calcium superphosphate, 10 kg of compound fertilizer and 200kg of human feces and urine, and then sprinkled on the bottom of the ditch and covered with thin soil.

③ was planted at the right time. Select good cultivation species for timely cultivation and reasonable close planting. The seed roots with hypertrophy, strong, intact bud head, no damage and no disease were selected or the seed roots without disease source were produced by seed sowing and breeding method, in order to cultivate disease-free and strong seedlings and lay the foundation for high yield. Master planting before and after Frosts Descent, with a seed amount of 20 kg / mu, soak the seeds with 50% carbendazim 500 times solution for 30 minutes before planting, rinse the residual solution with clean water, dry and wait for sowing.

④ Daejeon Management The grass should be pulled 25 days after emergence and the topsoil should be slightly loosened. It is not suitable to loosen the soil after the seedling stage, pull the grass when the row is closed, and stop the soil moisture activity after the row closure, in order to promote the growth of ginseng body. In the growth stage, it is appropriate to keep moist, the border surface does not accumulate water, and the root tuber should be watered frequently during the root expansion period to promote the root growth and development. The land with strong seedlings, fertile soil layer and fertile base should not be fertilized to avoid excessive growth of branches and leaves. If the growth of the aboveground and underground parts is out of balance, the fibrous roots will increase and the yield will decrease. However, for the plots with insufficient basal fertilizer, barren and thin soil fertility, few branches at seedling stage and weak seedling frame, the plot should be mixed with rotten cake fertilizer of 40kg / mu before and after the Qingming Festival, or extra-root topdressing such as "Yunda" and "Brassin" should be used to improve the light energy effect of the population, delay the withering of stems and leaves, prevent premature senescence, and promote root proliferation and expansion. The scientific application of balanced fertilizer is very important to increase the yield.

Control of diseases, pests and weeds

1. Disease control

The common diseases of Radix Pseudostellariae are mosaic disease, leaf spot, root rot and so on. Mosaic disease is a kind of virus disease transmitted by aphids and other piercing mouthparts pests. After the onset of the disease, the leaves shrunk and mottled mosaic appeared. The main control method is to control the harm of aphids, using virus-free seedlings, physical measures such as yellow board and gray film to avoid aphids can be used to control aphids. If there are too many aphids, low-toxic and low-residue pesticides such as ambroxol can also be used. Leaf spot harms the leaves, invades the lower leaves, and then gradually spreads upward, resulting in dead spots on the leaves, and when the plant is serious, the plant dies. Control method: clean up the dead branches thoroughly after harvest and burn them centrally. Crop rotation should be strictly carried out and it is not suitable for continuous cropping. At the initial stage of the disease, one Velcro 100 Bordeaux solution was sprayed once every 10 days for 3 consecutive times. When the disease was serious, 50% carbendazim 500 × 1000 times, or 70% topiramate 800 times, once every 10 days, was sprayed continuously for 3 times. In the early stage of root rot, the fibrous root turned brown and rotted, and gradually spread to the main root. After the incidence of the main root, the whole root rotted in severe cases. In the hot and humid weather from July to August, the disease was serious; in addition, there was stagnant water in the field and rotting roots died seriously. Prevention and control methods: timely dredging and drainage after rain. Before planting, the tuber root was soaked in 200 times solution of 25% carbendazim for 10 minutes, and then planted after drying. During the onset period, the diseased plants were irrigated with 50% carbendazim 800-1000 times or 50% methyl topiramate 1000 times.

2. Pest control

Pests mainly control underground pests such as grubs, ground tigers, mole crickets, golden needles and so on. The main damages of underground pests are as follows: underground rhizomes appear eating holes, plants are thin and even die. If it is light, the production will be reduced, and even if it is heavy, there will be no harvest. Prevention and control measures: the manure should be fully mature, and it is best to use high temperature compost. Lights trap and kill adults. During the field occurrence period, it was irrigated with 1000 times of 90% trichlorfon or 1000 times of 50%E605 EC or 700x of 75% phoxim EC, or 6 branches of chlorpromazine emulsion 2ml, which was sprayed evenly on the seedling plant and on the soil around its base. Poison bait was trapped and killed by using 25-30g chlordane EC mixed with fried wheat bran 5kg and proper amount of water to make poison bait, which was scattered in the field or border in the evening.

4. prevention and control of grass damage

The field can be treated with sterilized herbicides 15 days before planting. After planting, artificial weeding is mainly used to avoid harming the seedlings.

Harvest and processing

When most of the plants are withered and yellow and fall down at the beginning of June to July, they should be dug immediately in addition to leaving the seed land. If the harvest is delayed, it is easy to cause rot when there are too many Rain Water. When harvesting, first remove the stems and leaves, and then control the root, be careful not to damage the ginseng head, and keep the ginseng body intact. Wash the ginseng body with clean water, rub off the beard root, spread it thinly on the drying ground or mat and dry directly. Or transport the ginseng root back to the ventilated and dry room to dry for 1 or 2 days, soften the root, then rinse with clean water, put it into a 100 ℃ boiling water pan and blanch for 2 to 3 minutes, then immediately spread it on the sun field or mat and dry it to become a commodity. The yield of dry goods is 750-2250 kg per hectare, and 1.5 kg of fresh goods is processed into 0.5 kg of dry goods.