High-yield planting techniques of Gastrodia elata

Gastrodia elata is a perennial herb, distributed in most parts of the country. Its dry tuber, also known as Gastrodia elata, is a commonly used and more valuable traditional Chinese medicine, which is mainly used for headache, dizziness, limb numbness, infantile convulsion, tetanus and so on. Gastrodia elata used to rely on wild resources. After the successful transformation of wild species in the 1970s, Gastrodia elata has become the main source of commodities.

Climatic conditions

1. Bacteria: the sexual reproduction of Gastrodia elata must be symbiotic with germinating bacteria and Armillaria mellea seedlings, that is, the embryo growth (early growth) of Gastrodia elata depends on germinating bacteria, and must be symbiotic with Armillaria mellea after embryo formation. Therefore, high quality germinating bacteria and Armillaria mellea should be selected for planting Gastrodia elata.

2. Temperature: Tianma prefers cool environment, the most suitable growth temperature is 10 ℃ 25 ℃, 8 ℃ begins to germinate, and 30 ℃ stops growing. The growth of Armillaria mellea and Gastrodia elata was inhibited when it exceeded 30 ℃.

3, humidity: Gastrodia elata likes to be moist, it is suitable to grow in loose sandy soil, the general humus soil water content reaches 50%-60%, Gastrodia elata grows well. When the soil is wet, it will cause the tuber to rot.

4. Light: Gastrodia elata has little effect on it from planting to harvest, so it is suitable for indoor cultivation. The seeds of Gastrodia elata are cultivated outside the courtyard. After the arrow is unearthed, the stems will be burned by direct sunlight, so it is necessary to build a shed for shade, light and wind protection.

5. Wind: oxygen is very important for the growth and breeding of Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea. Indoor and basement cultivation must leave ventilation vents to ensure air circulation, planting Gastrodia elata soil should be loose, which is conducive to ventilation and water seepage.

6. Soil quality: different soil texture has a great influence on the growth of Gastrodia elata. Gastrodia elata and Armillaria mellea are suitable to grow in loose sandy soil. The poor drainage of heavy soil is easy to accumulate water, which affects air permeability, resulting in the death of tuber and excessive sandy soil. Poor water retention, easy to cause soil water shortage, also affect the growth of tubers and Armillaria mellea. The soil pH should be cultivated in slightly acidic soil with 5.5mol / L 6.0.

High yield condition

1. Site selection

The place where the direct solar radiation is poor is the best place to grow Gastrodia elata. It can be planted in three different environments: indoor, outdoor and basement, and suitable growth conditions can be created artificially. Sexual reproduction of hemp seed, a hole of hemp seed can be planted in 10 muri 15 holes, planting in the mountains to save labor and materials. In the high cold area, the sunny slope should be planted above 1000m above sea level. Above 500m above sea level, planting on semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes is selected. It is best to choose shady slope planting below 500m.

2. The best sowing date

The principle of sowing time mainly considers temperature, which should be selected at the stage when Gastrodia elata has entered dormancy and Armillaria mellea can continue to germinate and grow: in Shangnan area, the daily average temperature has dropped below 10 ℃, and the best sowing time is more than 5 ℃. The best sowing time for sexual reproduction of Gastrodia elata is from March to April in shallow mountain areas (below 800m above sea level) and from April to May in alpine areas (above 800m above sea level). The best sowing time for asexual reproduction is in November in shallow mountain areas and in March in high and cold mountain areas. It can not be planted in areas below 1500m above sea level at the end of March.

3. Sexual reproduction

The yield-increasing technology of sexual reproduction of Gastrodia elata is to achieve the yield-increasing effect of "four high" through the planting management of "four new".

"four new", first, new strains, slow transmission of old bacteria, aging of hyphae, and pollution of miscellaneous bacteria; second, new materials to avoid insufficient nutrition; third, new seeds to avoid reducing production due to seed degradation; fourth, new planting methods, new fields, clean sandy soil, small holes, short sticks, and fine wood.

"four high": first, the germination rate is high, and the germination rate is more than 100 times higher than that of traditional planting when sown with sexually propagated Gastrodia elata seeds with high quality germinating bacteria;-- the survival rate is high, and the survival rate of planting with germinating bacteria and Armillaria mellea is 80% higher than that of traditional methods; third, the level of management technology is high, and it is convenient to grow and manage with new methods. Fourth, the yield is high, using sexual reproduction of flax, 60-70cm a litter, each litter of 250g, the yield can reach about 15kg, more than 20 times higher than the traditional seed method.

4. Adjust the climate

The key problem to increase the yield of Gastrodia elata cultivation is to artificially control and adjust the climate to make Gastrodia elata high yield. Artificial moisturizing, temperature control, direct radiation protection from sunlight, rain protection and creating ventilation and drainage conditions are the key technologies for high yield. A shade must be built in summer, especially in low-altitude, easy-to-heat areas before sowing, keeping the temperature at 8 ℃ and soil moisture at 50% and 60%. Rain protection measures should be taken within 40 days after sowing to ensure seed germination. In winter, it is necessary to increase temperature and moisture to prolong the growth time and increase the yield. Cross breeding or cross pollination should be used to cultivate seeds, and 50% phoxim should be used to control insects to ensure survival and prosperity.

Planting technology

1. Prepare materials

For sexual reproduction of Gastrodia elata, 100g of honey ring seedlings, 1 packet of germinating bacteria (400ml 500g), 10 mature Shuoguo trees, 10 long 3-6cm, thick 50cm broad-leaved miscellaneous trees (oak is the best oak stick), dry oak leaves 1kg, long 3-6cm fine branches 1kg, net sand 100kg were needed for sexual reproduction.

2. Breeding

When Gastrodia elata is dug in October every year, the top buds are plump, moth-free and disease-free, and more than 150g are buried in the sand for hibernation. You can also dig out moss arrows in the mountains before and after Lesser Fullness of Grain. Seed cultivation should go through soil cultivation, flax breeding, bolting, flowering and pollination, topping and fruit picking. Mainly pollination, cross or cross pollination is the best, Gastrodia elata flowers bloom in turn from the bottom up, one pollination. The fruit ripens 19 days after pollination, and there are six raised black lines above the ripe fruit. Touch Microsoft with your hand, and you can harvest it as soon as you see it transparent. One fruit is picked when it is ripe. The seed life of Gastrodia elata is short, so it should be picked on the same day. If the seeds cannot be sowed in time under special circumstances, the fruit should be hung for 3 hours, wrapped in Kraft paper bags and stored in a 4 ℃ refrigerator at constant temperature. In addition, the seeds can be mixed into the germinating bacteria to preserve, the longest is not more than 5 days to sow.

3. Sowing seeds

The size of the hole is 60x70cm, flat on the ground; the material is best made of brick, and others are OK, but it must be ventilated, moisturized and drained. When opening holes in the mountains, we should pay attention to water retention and drainage. The slope is 5 mi 10 degrees, it is best to drive along the slope, and it is best to open the hole horizontally above 15 degrees, but be sure to open the exhaust hole. Seed dressing will slowly tear up the germinating fungus leaves by hand, break and stick the mature Gastrodia elata fruit into 10 pieces, break and stick the leaves in 3 times and mix the seeds into the fungus leaves evenly (preferably 2 people operate, one person tears the fungus leaves, one person sows seeds), and the stirring times is not less than 3 times. In the treatment of raw materials, the prepared dry leaves were soaked in clean water the first day, and the fresh sticks were cut into fish scales at the appropriate depth to the xylem, and the long 2cm branches of the fingers were soaked in 0.2% ammonium nitrate water for 10 minutes before planting. The hole species first spread 5cm thick sand, evenly spread 250g of soaked wet leaves on the sandy soil, spread the germinating bacteria mixed with seeds on the leaves evenly, then put 5 new sticks, spacing 8cm, leave 8cm empty at both ends, put Armillaria mellea (at the mouth of fish scales), then put on the soaked twigs, and then fill in the sand to cover the germ sticks. After planting, seal the item with 5-6cm thick sand. When planting on the mountain, cover the top with soil firmly after planting, to prevent the top of the hole from sinking and stagnant water, cover it with a woven bag after planting, or first cultivate bacteria (bed), and then use germinating bacteria and seeds to plant.

4. Harvest and processing

The best harvest period of Gastrodia elata is from November of that year to March of the following year. If Gastrodia elata is excavated after April, the quality of Gastrodia elata will decline. Processing and harvesting of arrow hemp should not be put for a long time, should be processed in time, cooking: put 100g alum in 5kg water, put into Gastrodia elata after the water is aluminized. Step-by-step cooking: boil more than 150g for 15 minutes; cook more than 80g for 7murs for 10 minutes; cook less than 80g for 5murals for 8 minutes, which should not be overcooked, otherwise it will affect the drying rate and efficacy. After Gastrodia elata is boiled, it is smoked with sulfur for 20 minutes, then dried or dried, the color is white and clean, the quality is good, and it can prevent insects.

5. The growth cycle of Gastrodia elata

Under the condition of artificial cultivation, it takes about 3 years for Gastrodia elata to complete a growth cycle. The growth process is basically the same: Arrow Gastrodia elata was sown from November to February of the following year, Gastrodia elata seeds matured in late June, and should be sown within a week. Please note that in production, Gastrodia elata seeds and hemp seeds are two concepts. the former refers to the spikes on which the above-ground stems grow, and the tiny seeds in the capsule are formed after pollination; the latter refers to rice or hemp, that is, small Gastrodia elata. Gastrodia elata seeds germinate about 15 days after sowing and can grow into hemp seeds in November of that year. The hemp seed expanded and grew after about 8 Mel for 12 months, and became Arrow hemp from October to November of the following year. In the spring and summer of the third year, arrow hemp bolted, bloomed, and then formed seeds after pollination, thus completing a growth cycle. However, in actual production, most hemp farmers (or drug farmers) only buy hemp seeds to sow, and as a result, it becomes a growth cycle every year. Strictly speaking, this expression is wrong, but as a conventional saying in actual production, it is also possible. However, the recent social spread of the "100-day growth cycle" is not credible, the majority of producers should be identified according to the biological characteristics of Gastrodia elata.

Disease prevention and cure

There are two common diseases in Gastrodia elata cultivation, mold and rot.

1. Mold

Mold harm is very harmful to Armillaria mellea and Gastrodia elata. When continuous cropping and poor permeability of Gastrodia elata, the tuber will appear purple-brown disease spot.

Prevention and cure measures

① cultivated land should choose sandy loam with good water permeability and air permeability, and do not choose mature land, clay or waterlogged residue water accumulation land.

When cultivating mushroom material with ② or planting Gastrodia elata, it is found that it is infected by miscellaneous bacteria, so it should be removed and kept pure.

When planting Gastrodia elata and cultivating dense ring seedlings in ③, the gap between the bacterial materials should be filled with sand (fill the unfilled place, leave the gap, rain will accumulate water, easy to produce miscellaneous bacteria)

When planting ④, increase the amount of bacteria (bacterial material), promote the exuberant growth of Armillaria mellea, thus inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.

2. Rot disease

Seed flax is easy to be infected by miscellaneous bacteria and cause rot due to insect pests, mechanical damage or in an unfavorable environment of high temperature and humidity.

Prevention and cure measures

① chooses intact, non-lacerated and brightly colored white-headed hemp or water hemp as provenance to avoid bruising and sun exposure during excavation and transportation.

② should pay attention to the regulation of temperature and humidity to provide the best conditions for the growth of Armillaria mellea to inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria.

The culture material of Gastrodia elata planted by ③ had better be accumulated, disinfected and dried to kill the internal insects, pupae and bacteria so as to reduce the harm.

Planting matters needing attention

The production of Armillaria mellea can be carried out year-round. Generally, high-quality Armillaria mellea test-tube mother species were purchased 90 days before Gastrodia elata sowing, and then propagated and cultured into Armillaria mellea material. The technological process is as follows: mother seed (first-class species) → original species (second-class species) → original species (third-class species) → Armillaria mellea material (growth nutrient basis). Then introduce Gastrodia elata species and plant them together. Can also purchase high-quality Armillaria mellea cultivation species 40 days in advance, directly cultivate bacterial materials, because Armillaria mellea plant throwing cultivation can be fully open operation, no technical difficulty. The cultivation of Gastrodia elata is a good "three passes". Gastrodia elata is a valuable health care and nourishing Chinese herbal medicine with large market capacity and high price. Many farmers want to engage in the production of Gastrodia elata. However, the technical requirements for the production of Gastrodia elata are strict, and the most important thing is to do a good job in the following three hurdles:

1. Temperature

The temperature directly affects the growth, yield and quality of Gastrodia elata. The optimum growth temperature of Gastrodia elata is 15: 25 ℃. When the temperature is more than 30 ℃, the growth of Armillaria mellea and Gastrodia elata will be seriously inhibited. When the temperature is lower than 15 ℃, the growth rate of Gastrodia elata tuber will slow down and stop. When the temperature is lower than 5 ℃, the tuber of Gastrodia elata will rot due to freezing injury. Therefore, temperature control is the key to the successful cultivation of Gastrodia elata.

2. Humidity

Planting Gastrodia elata requires an average relative humidity of about 80%. When the humidity is less than 60% in the peak growing season, it is not conducive to the growth of Gastrodia elata, and more than 80% is easy to cause tuber rot. So pay special attention.

3. Lighting

Artificial cultivation of Gastrodia elata is mostly carried out indoors, air-raid shelters, basements and greenhouses. Gastrodia elata from planting to harvest should avoid direct sunlight, when the sun should be set up to cool down, in order to ensure the normal growth of Gastrodia elata tubers. Thus it can be seen that artificial cultivation of Gastrodia elata must analyze whether there are local conditions suitable for the growth of Gastrodia elata, and do not introduce it blindly. Only by adapting measures to local conditions, planting scientifically, mastering the growth habits of Gastrodia elata and strengthening management, can we achieve success.

Analysis of the reasons for the low success rate of planting Gastrodia elata

1. Blind introduction

Planting Gastrodia elata requires very strict technical regulations and environmental conditions. Many introducers regardless of their latitude and altitude, natural environmental conditions, whether they have mastered a full set of technology, a large number of blind introduction is one of the reasons for a large number of failures.

2. Improper sowing season

Gastrodia elata prefers cool natural environment, and the suitable breeding time is from March to April. However, due to the poor breeding equipment and the lack of heating facilities, the small Gastrodia elata seeds can not be enriched and germinated in time, and can not form protocorms.

3. The selection of dense ring bacteria is not strict.

Gastrodia elata is a special product combined with Armillaria mellea, there is no excellent and exuberant Armillaria mellea, planting Gastrodia elata is just empty talk. There are many kinds of Armillaria mellea, such as Armillaria mellea, Armillaria mellea, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptomyces tenuiformis, Armillaria thunbergii and so on. Most of the introducers do not know enough about the strains, and it is difficult to identify the dead and living bacteria, and the true and false varieties of the strains are even less clear. regardless of the vitality of the strains, just apply more to increase production, and as a result, there are no heavy losses in the second year of harvest.

4. Be eager for success and achieve it in one step

Gastrodia elata must rely on Armillaria mellea to provide nutrition for its growth and development. Armillaria and Armillaria must be combined in time to produce a virtuous circle, which is the key to the success of Gastrodia elata. Although Armillaria is not the food of Gastrodia, but it is an elite force for transporting grain and forage. Most of the introducers ignored the key link of cultivating fungus first and then planting flax, the key link of Gastrodia elata to form a big tower, eager for quick success and quick profit, eager for success, and one step in place. The one-time planting method of hemp seed, Armillaria mellea and new material led to the seed germination and formation of protocorm, while Armillaria mellea could not access the new material due to short time, and all the protocorms starved to death because they could not get timely nutrition supply, resulting in only Armillaria mellea entangled with rods during mining. There is no empty nest with Tianma baby.

5. It is difficult to grasp the dry humidity when sowing.

The seed of Gastrodia elata is very small, its vitality is very weak, and its life is also very short. it is very strict to the dry humidity of sand and leaves when sowing. Too dry or too wet can kill the seed in a short time. Many growers do not pay enough attention to this and do not have a good grasp of dry humidity, resulting in failure.