High-yield planting and management techniques of Coptis chinensis

Rhizoma Coptidis, alias Wang Lian, Xuanlian, Chuanlian, Ji Zuo Lian and so on, is a plant of Ranunculaceae. The main cultivated species are Coptis chinensis (Rhizoma Coptidis) and Rhizoma Coptidis (Yalian), which are used in medicine with rhizome. It has the effect of clearing heat, dryness and dampness, purging fire and detoxification, cooling blood and eyesight, removing dampness, stopping diarrhea, treating heart fire and liver heat, dizziness, red eyes, irritability, heat toxin. Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Hunan, Guizhou, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi and other provinces or a small amount of cultivation.

Plant characteristics

Perennial herbs. The underground rhizome is mostly branched, the surface is rough, yellowish brown, and the whisker roots are numerous and slender. The leaves are tufted, the petiole is long, the leaflets are 3-5, and the edges are deeply divided into pinnae, serrated, light green and shiny. Flowering stem drawn at the end of spring, 100 cm high, terminal panicle, flowers small, yellowish green. The osteoid fruit is mature and dehiscent, and the seeds are small and yellowish brown. Coptis likes to be cool and moist, and avoid high temperature drying.

Growth characteristics

Huanglianxi grows in a cool, damp mountain, with a transmittance of 30% to 40%, and avoid strong light, high temperature, dryness and stagnant water. The soil layer is thick, the drainage is good, and the soil moisture is about 50% and 60%. In the post-embryonic hot stage, the seeds can germinate at low temperature, especially at the seedling stage, and the bigger the seedlings are, the stronger the light resistance is.

Planting technology

1. Land preparation and shade

In the past, the use of frame shading has caused too much damage to the forest, but now planting under the forest and intercropping with corn, or building a simple shed, the brightness can be maintained at about 40%, the drainage is good, the soil moisture is about 50% and 60%, and is afraid of stagnant water and direct light. it is better to choose half-shaded and half-sunny slopes of 1525 degrees.

Ground preparation: first remove the surface residue and stones and other sundries out of the shed, pile into a pile, smoke and burn into black soil, and then dig twice, fine rake flat. Then along the slope into a high border (box) with a width of 130 cm 150 cm and a height of 10 cm, the ditch is 16 cm wide and 26 cm wide, the border surface is tiled back shape, and a good drainage ditch is opened around the shed. After finishing the border, apply 60000-75000 kg of rotten cattle and horse manure per hectare; mash and spread evenly on the border surface, then shallow dig, mix well with topsoil, and then cover about 6 cm of fumigated soil.

Shading: use shelf shed and simple shed more. The shelf shed is used to cut off bamboo bushes and trees as shading materials, with a length of 216 cm, a pile spacing of 200 cm to 230 cm, a row spacing of 160 cm, a column buried depth of 30 cm to 50 cm, a pile height of 160 cm, and a purlin and crossbar to cover the shade. The shade should be uniform, about 60% and 70%.

Simple shed: a wooden fork with a thickness of 3 cm to 5 cm is used as a pole. The shed is 80 cm high and 100 cm high.

2. Methods of reproduction

There are two methods of seed seedling propagation and cutting propagation.

(1) seed propagation

Seed collection: before and after the Beginning of Summer, the seeds of robust plants planted for more than 3 years should be harvested when the seeds are yellowish green, and the fruit branches should be picked and stored in the room for 1-2 days in sunny days, then they can be threshed, avoided the sun, kept moist, treated at low temperature, and finished ripening after seed embryo. In the production, the hotbed or humus is mixed evenly, buried in the cellar 3 cm thick, then covered with sand or humus soil 3-6 cm thick, and then covered with branches to moisturize, often checked.

① fine breeding seedlings: select half-shaded and half-sunny moist and fertile forest or two wasteland, cut down weeds and unnecessary strips of wood to burn charcoal as fertilizer, build about 80cm shade shed and fence edge, and turn the land deeply about 23cm, do 130cm wide high border, border ditch width 30cm, border surface flat, arched back shape, no gravel, tree roots, fine soil, 15000kg per hectare of rotting cooked cattle and horse dung, and 1.5cm thick smoked soil. Around November, take the stored seeds, mix 20,30 times humus soil, spread them evenly on the border (about 37.5 kg per hectare), and then sprinkle cow dung powder or plant ash 0.6 cm thick. When the spring seedlings grow three leaves in the second year, combined with weeding and applying clear dung water or urea, the application of chemical fertilizer should be divided into several small amounts, and sulfuric acid should be applied according to 75112.5 kg per hectare, preferably when there is no dew on the leaves on a sunny day, and then gently swept with small bamboo twigs to make the medicine fall and prevent burning seedlings. Humus soil was applied in June to protect seedlings, and 11250 kg of fine cow manure or horse manure mixed with plant ash was applied in November, which was beneficial to the overwintering of seedlings.

② forest seedlings: select trees with shade degree above 80% and forest height below 300cm. After finishing the land, sow about 75kg seeds per hectare, and the sowing method is basically the same as fine seedling raising. Before emergence in the middle and late February, the fallen leaves should be cleaned, and 2 or 3 times of weeding and fertilization should be carried out after emergence and before transplanting. This method saves labor.

Transplanting: transplanting in the spring of the second year after emergence, according to the row spacing of 10 cm * 10 cm, depth of 3-5 cm. In addition, Coptis chinensis can also be planted in the forest to make a natural canopy for shading at about 70%, the method is the same as above. It can also be intercropped with early-maturing corn of long-stalk crops, first sow corn, open holes according to the plant spacing of 30 cm, insert 3-4 seeds on both sides of the border, and leave a seedling. In July, the corn is ridged, and in the border, Coptis chinensis seedlings are planted according to the row spacing of 10 cm * 10 cm in the furrow. After the corn is harvested, the five-meter stalk is evenly placed on the shelf for shade on both sides of the border, and the jade is sown again every year. In the second year, the plant spacing is 40 cm. 50cm in the third year, 60cm in the fourth year, 60cm in the fifth year.

(2) Cuttage propagation

This method can be used in areas where seeds or seedlings are missing. That is, after 5 years of cultivation, Coptis chinensis was harvested earlier than August-September. After harvest, the Coptis chinensis plant was cut off from 0.1 cm to 0.13 cm below the top of the rhizome, used as cuttings, and planted with cutting. When planting, all the petioles should be buried in the soil, leaving only the leaves outside and pressed. The soil preparation, bed preparation and fertilization of this method are the same as above, and it will take five years to harvest.

Field management

The key to high yield and high quality of Coptis chinensis lies in field management. attention should be paid to topdressing and weeding. 3-5 days after planting, the missing seedlings should be made up immediately, and fertilization, clear manure water or pig manure water should be applied to help the seedlings grow. Ammonium sulfate should be applied 7.5-10kg a month after rooting, 3000kg-37500kg per hectare from October to November, mainly nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage, and a thin layer of smoked soil in the later stage, and then fertilize and cultivate the soil once a year in spring and autumn. Application of ammonium sulfate 112.5 to 150 kg per hectare in spring or 15000 to 22500 kg on human feces, urine or humus, and winter fertilizer to 37500 to 60000 kg per hectare of rotten cow and horse manure or cake fertilizer calcium superphosphate, lime, etc. After applying winter fertilizer, it is necessary to cultivate smoked soil. 3Murray applied little or no nitrogen fertilizer after 4 years. Give priority to phosphorus and potash fertilizer, pay attention to not topdressing before harvest. Coptis chinensis from seedling to harvest weeding is very important, weeding as soon as you see it, and it is used for pulling out weeds at seedling stage to achieve weeding. Remove small, clean, weed and pay attention to soil cultivation at the same time, first thin and then thick year by year, 1.5 cm thick in the second year, 1.5 cm thick in the third and fourth year. In the management, attention should be paid to adjusting the degree of shading, shading should be checked frequently within 3 years, those who lack shading should be covered quickly, and the shading should be reduced year by year. If it is a shelf shed, after the seeds are harvested in the harvest year, the shading material should be removed to let Coptis chinensis grow in the sun, so that the nutrients can be transformed to the rhizome and enrich the root. For example, Coptis chinensis, which is used as a cutting propagation material, can not pull the shed until harvest. If Coptis chinensis is planted in the forest, the branches will be cut and pruned in the third year after planting. 50% shade, 30% in the fourth year, 20% in the fifth year.

Disease and pest control

(1) powdery mildew

It often occurs on the new leaves of the same year, with snow-white powder, then flooded, and the leaves turn red and dark brown gradually. At this time, pig manure water can be used to make the seedlings green, and then use 0.3-0.5 Baumedu stone sulfur mixture to prevent and control.

(2) rodent and animal damage

Coptis chinensis has many animal enemies, such as deer, pheasant, rodents and so on. It harms the tender leaves, bolts and seeds of Coptis chinensis, and some also harms the rhizome, which usually occurs in the cold season from December to April of the following year. To prevent rats, zinc phosphide and cornmeal can be mixed into poison bait at 1:20 and sprinkled in the field or in the rat hole.

Harvest and processing

It was harvested from October to November in the fifth year after planting. Dig out the whole Coptis chinensis, shake off the sediment, cut off the fibrous root and aboveground together, and dry the whisker root and leaves for animal use. When the rhizome is dried alone, the firepower of the Kang should be uniform, but should not be too strong at the beginning, it should be increased slowly, the general rhizome is easy to break, when the cross section is licorice color, you can get out of the Kang, put it into the trough cage while it is hot, and push off the residual sediment, fibrous root and petiole to get the finished product.