Planting technology of American ginseng

American ginseng is a kind of ginseng, also known as Guangdong ginseng, American ginseng, named after the old name of the United States, originated in the northern United States to southern Canada, mainly in Wisconsin. It is usually divided into American ginseng and Canadian ginseng according to the origin; although the two are of the same variety, the horizontal pattern of the former is more obvious than that of the latter, and the content of active components is higher because of the climate. It can be taken by boiling, stewing, steaming, slicing or grinding into fine powder.

Select a place

Because it likes the cool and humid climate of half yin and half yang and the fertile soil rich in humus because of its permeability and looseness. The planting land of Panax quinquefolium should be selected on the southwest-northeast ventilation road with good afforestation and good drainage or the fertile land on both sides of the river, but not in the open Shaolin zone in front of the mountain and the winter cold wind tunnel in the direction of northwest and southeast. Practice has proved that as long as the scientific application of organic fertilizer and rational use of chemical fertilizer, it is feasible in sandy loam and silty loam which is relatively rich in phosphorus and potassium.

Land preparation

In order to reduce the harm of nematodes and other diseases and pests, Gramineae was better in the previous crop of Panax quinquefolium. Such as wheat and corn stubble after harvest, semi-monthly ploughing and ridging to promote the residue of the previous stubble to decompose and accelerate soil ripening, while applying 6000kg mature pig manure and cow and horse manure (chicken manure, human manure urine is not alkaline) and other crushed fine high-quality organic fertilizer and mature cake fertilizer 50kg and high-quality ternary compound fertilizer 100kg are evenly copied and planed and mixed to 20ml 30cm plough layer. In late autumn, a high border was built every 2 meters, with a height of 25 cm, a top of 1.4 m, a slope ratio of 1 ∶ 1 and a width of 10 cm at the bottom of the ditch. The surface of the border is as thin as possible, and it is covered with fine crushed phosphorous wind fossils of 3 cm (4 cm of planted seedlings), and then covered with 1 Mel 2 cm after sowing. In the middle, more than 50% of 20 grams of carbendazim per square meter should be used for soil disinfection, of which 15 grams should be ploughed and mixed into the soil when ploughing and turning the whole border, and the remaining 5 grams should be mixed into the fossils of phosphorous wind covered with the upper bed of the border when sowing.

Sowing and transplanting

Seed direct seeding, seed 3.5kg per mu, row, plant distance 10 cm, 4 years long can be harvested and planed, so labor-saving and ginseng very long and high yield, but waste mulch, spray is also too much and cost, more importantly, can not meet the market demand for ginseng root thickness, ginseng root price is low. Therefore, the way of raising seedlings first and then transplanting is still adopted in production. When raising seedlings, 3.5kg was raised on 2 minutes with 5 × 6 cm plants and row spacing, and then planed out with 20 × 10 cm rows and plant spacing of about 1 mu after 2 years, and then harvested for two years. American ginseng can not be replanted, and the seedling land can no longer be used to plant American ginseng.

1. Sowing seeds

① seed treatment: the fresh fruit is collected when the ginseng fruit is red in August. Wash the flesh immediately and dry it slightly. Soak the seeds with 1000 times of 50% carbendazim for 10 ℃ for 20 minutes, then soak them with 50ppm's high-quality gibberellin for 24 hours, then fish out and rinse with clean water for 24 hours, then mix with sand (∶ sand = 1 ∶ 3), put it in a cool place in a basin until November, the temperature should be controlled below 25 ℃. The humidity should be 10% of water, 12% of moisture, too wet and easy to rot, so that it can be loosened as soon as it is loosened into a mass. The seed emergence is prosperous in that year, but the seed emergence is weak in the next year.

② sowing time: in late November, 70% of the cracks can be treated by the above method, and about 30% of the cracks without gibberellin treatment can be picked out and sown in batches until the end of December. The rest of the unexploded mouth was put under 0Mel 5 ℃, and it could still burst in February of the following year, and seedlings could also emerge after sowing. Those who burst later could not emerge or could not emerge completely because the low temperature treatment time was less than 70 days and the physiological ripening could not be completed.

③ sowing method: sprinkle 3 centimeters of moist wind fossils on the flattened soil moisture border, sift them evenly, and then flatten them, then sow seeds with standard 5 × 6 cm row spacing punching plate (depth 2 cm) to keep the depth standard consistent, and then sprinkle the wind fossils after sowing to cover the wind fossils and flatten them with a plate to ensure that the sowing depth is 2 cm, and then cover the grass 10 to 15 cm thick, in order to preserve moisture and prevent freezing. Seedlings usually emerge around April 20.

2. Transplant. In order to meet the needs of the market, save land, reduce costs and ensure neat and consistent growth, transplanting usually uses 2-year-old seedlings.

① seedling: after the aboveground part of American ginseng withered from late October to early November, dig the soil along the border, and then start the ginseng root from one end, dig as deep as possible, so as not to damage the ginseng root. And try to get up, select, disinfect and transplant at the same time, and it is easy to lose water and damage heat for a long time, which affects survival. If the planting can not be finished before the end of February and early March, it should be carried out as soon as possible before the bud germinates.

② seedling selection: select ginseng seedlings with strong root system, full bud and no diseases and insect pests, and transplant them into three stages according to their size.

③ disinfection: ginseng seedlings are easy to carry bacteria and need to be disinfected before planting. Generally, 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution is used to soak the seedlings for 10 minutes, which has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of root diseases.

④ transplanting method: planting density: the first grade is 20 × 10 cm, the second grade is 20 × 8 cm, and the third grade is 20 × 6 cm. Oblique planting is better for permeable and drought-prone soil (ginseng seedlings are put into the border at an angle of 45 degrees from the border surface) flat planting is better for those with poor permeability. Thickness of soil cover: 5 cm for first-class seedlings, 4 cm for second-class seedlings, and 3 cm for third-grade seedlings. The wind fossils of the bed 4 cm and the seedlings covered before transplanting should be disinfected with medicine.

Field management

1. Guard against cold. No matter the seedlings, transplant seedlings and sowing plants should be covered with 10ml 15cm thick grass after late November to preserve soil moisture and prevent freezing. The edge of the ground and border should be thickened, and branches and stones should be pressed on the grass to prevent the wind.

2. Drought resistance. Spray water in dry years with little rain and snow to prevent buds from drying up and ensure normal emergence in the coming spring.

3. Spring and summer management

① timely removal of cold protection: removal of cold protection should be at the end of March and early April when the primrose blossoms, too early vulnerable to freezing injury, too late ginseng seedlings unearthed late, the tender stem is easy to be burned by the sun. When removing the grass, you can leave some short broken grass to conserve soil moisture and prevent Rain Water from hitting the ground. All localities should timely remove the mulch due to climate and phenological changes.

② border surface disinfection: after getting rid of the grass, remove the miscellaneous leaves, spray 1% copper sulfate in the whole field for disinfection and sterilization, but the liquid must not seep into the bud and ginseng root, so as not to cause injury and affect the emergence of seedlings.

③ border surface loosening soil: after removing grass, the border surface should be moist immediately, and then loosen the soil after drought, so as to aerate and raise temperature to promote seedling growth, and keep the border surface moist throughout the seedling period, so as to prevent young stems and leaves from being burned due to drought in the topsoil.

④ frame shading: American ginseng likes oblique and scattered light to fear strong light, but it still needs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis. After picking the nose of Panax ginseng and sowing ginseng in the first year, the shade shed should be set up scientifically and reasonably to adjust the light so as to promote the healthy growth of American ginseng. The double transparent greenhouse is adopted, the total length of the main column is 2.2 meters (50 cm underground), and the four main columns are 1.9 m (50 cm underground). The longitudinal distance between the columns depends on the length of the pole. The crossbar is 2.4 meters long. first tie the crossbar with iron wire, then put three shun poles on each border of the crossbar and fix them with iron wire, put shade grass curtains on the bars, and clip them with corn stalks around to form a wind barrier. The transmittance of the curtain depends on the age, and the transmittance of 1-2 years is 15 per cent, 20 per cent, 30 per cent, 35 per cent, 3-4 years. In addition, when the seedlings of Panax quinquefolium are nearly unearthed in the middle of April, the seedlings must be shaded in a shed at the right time, and the young stems and leaves are easy to burn when the border temperature is low and the seedlings emerge late.

⑤ topdressing: Panax quinquefolium is a perennial perennial root plant, which must be replenished every year. After spring emergence, topdressing ternary compound fertilizer and rotten cake fertilizer each 50 g / m2, Kang soil 500 g / m2, topdressing ditch should be shallow, avoid fertilizer contact ginseng, in order to prevent fertilizer damage. If the border is dry after topdressing, it should be watered in time.

⑥ root mulching: root mulching was carried out at the beginning of leaf development and after topdressing in early May. Early stems and leaves are easy to break, and too late ginseng leaves cross all over the border surface and easily damage petioles and leaves. The mulch is mostly chopped wheat straw and so on.

⑦ drought and waterlogging: the planting area of American ginseng in our city is generally dry in spring, summer, waterlogging and autumn, so it is often necessary to water in spring to protect seedlings; timely spray water to protect roots and increase weight in autumn; drainage and waterlogging in summer to protect ginseng's normal growth, and spray water in case of drought and high temperature.

⑧ seed selection and seed retention: at present, the plant type and maturity of Panax quinquefolium population are seriously uneven (the difference of maturity is more than one month), purification and rejuvenation is imperative. In addition, in order to ensure full seeds, proper thinning of flowers and fruits is also necessary. Inflorescences thinning flowers in 3x4 have blossomed, and a small part of them have already set fruit. The inflorescences of top 1 and 2 are thinned so that the remaining fruit is large and mature. During the fruit expansion period, the uninflated green fruit is removed, so that nutrition is concentrated on the retained fruit and ginseng root.

4. prevention and control of diseases, pests and rodents

① diseases: black spot, blight and anthracnose are harmful to stems and leaves, stem blight, quenching and stem rot are harmful to the middle and base of stems, and root rot, blight, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and rust rot are harmful to roots. The disease of Panax quinquefolium should carry out the principle of comprehensive control based on prevention, combining agronomy and pesticides, and using broad-spectrum fungicides as the main single agent. For underground diseases, carbendazim should be used for seed, seedling and soil treatment when sowing and transplanting, which has considerable control effect. For diseases on the ground, spray 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 400 Bordeaux solution every half a month, interspersed with 50% carbendazim 1000 times, carbendazim 2000 times, 20% carbendazim 500 times, 70% topiramine 1000 times, 7% mancozeb 500 times, 50% carbendazim 500 times, and so on. The medicine is sprayed once every 7 days on average, and the spray should be made up in case of rain. In addition to spraying a variety of chemicals alternately and interspersed to improve the control effect, due to the different growth stages, climate, pesticide manufacturers and production dates of Panax quinquefolium, the spray concentration and dosage must be tested before spraying to avoid drug damage. The diseased plants were immediately removed and burned, and the disease points were irrigated and disinfected with 50% lime milk or 50% carbendazim 400 times solution.

② pests: to grubs, mole crickets, ground tigers, golden needles and other underground insects, use 50% phoxim, 90% trichlorfon and other poisonous erbium to kill aphids, inchworms, armyworm, etc., 50% phoxim, 90% trichlorfon, 80% dichlorvos, 40% omethoate, etc.

③ rodent damage: trapped and killed with bromadiolone.

Harvest and processing

1. Harvest time. It usually grows and harvests in 4 years, sometimes 5 years in order to reproduce seeds. The harvest time is in late October, and the harvest begins when the stems and leaves turn yellow. When digging, strive to keep the root shape intact, shake off the soil, put it indoors for classification, and sometimes pick out the small young ginseng and plant it again.

2. Fresh ginseng processing. Clean water should be used to wash away the mud, but do not soak in water for too long to avoid bad color and not easy to dry. After washing, it is put into a well-ventilated heating drying chamber for dehydration and drying, which is completed in 3 weeks at the temperature of 30 ℃. It must not be dried at high temperature in the oven, because drying too fast will form a dry and hard shell on the surface before full drying, which is prone to a lot of wrinkles or broken skin, and the center of the cross section is often dark in color, reducing quality; but drying too slowly, dark spots will appear on the outside of the root, causing decay and reducing the quality of the goods.