Rambutan fruit is rich in nutrients for fresh food and canned food, and can also be made into preserves, jams, jellies and wine

Rambutan

Rambutan (Latin name: Nephelium lappaceum L.), also known as: litchi, Shaozi, red fruit, red gallbladder; is a large tropical fruit tree of the disease-free family in Southeast Asia, known in Malay as "rambutan", meaning "furry".

Ripe rambutan fruit is not all red, but also has yellow fruit.

Some rambutan nuclei are similar in size to sesame seeds. Rambutan tastes similar to litchi.

Rambutan is less planted in China. At present, only Baoting in Hainan Island and Sanya in Sanya grow a large area of rambutan.

Rambutan is one of the three genera of Shaozi produced in China, and the other two are Shaozi and Hainan Shaozi.

Morphological characteristics

Evergreen trees, more than 10 m tall; branchlets Terete, rugose, grayish brown, only tender puberulent.

The petiole of the leaf is 15-45 cm long, the leaf axis is slightly stout, and it is wrinkled when dry.

Leaflets 2 or 3 pairs, rarely 1 or 4 pairs, thinly leathery, elliptic or Obovate, 6-18 cm long and 4-7.5 cm wide, apex obtuse or slightly rounded, sometimes submucronate, base cuneate, entire, both surfaces glabrous

Lateral veins 7-9 pairs, maroon when dry, raised only abaxially, reticulate veinlets slightly honeycomb, visible on both sides when dry; petiolule ca. 5 mm.

Inflorescences often much branched, nearly as long as or longer than leaves, tomentose in color; pedicels short.

Calyx leathery, ca. 2 mm, lobes ovate, tomentose; apetalous; stamens ca. 3 mm.

Fruit broad oval, red and yellow, thorns about 5 cm long, 4.5 cm wide, thorns about 1 cm long. Flowering in early summer and fruiting in early autumn.

Growth habit

It likes the mountain environment with high temperature and humidity, no wind damage and low altitude. The annual average temperature is above 24 degrees Celsius, and the coldest month temperature is higher than 17 degrees Celsius, which is suitable for the growth and development of rambutan. Rambutan is not tolerant to drought at seedling stage, so it is necessary to increase water management properly. Water is most needed during the fruit growth period. Therefore, the annual rainfall of the cultivated land is required to be more than 1800 mm.

It is better to have a deep soil layer, rich in organic matter, loose fertility, good drainage and ventilation. The pH value of soil is between 4.5 and 6.5. Alluvial soil is the best, alluvial soil refers to the soil developed on river alluvium, generally, the soil formation time is short, the development level is not obvious, and the soil fertility is higher. The growth of adult trees is slow, and new shoots are produced 3-4 times a year. It blossoms from February to April every year, and the fruit is ripe and picked from June to August. Like to grow in the tropics.

Geographical distribution

Native to the Malay Peninsula. It is produced in Southeast Asian countries, such as Thailand, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines, as well as in Hawaii and Australia. Thai rambutan is known as the "king of fruit". It is cultivated in Taiwan and Hainan, and wild rambutan is found in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.

Main varieties

Rambutan has two types: red fruit and yellow fruit. After breeding, six varieties of Baoyan 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 were bred. Among them, Baoyan No. 2 is yellow oval, the fruits of Baoyan No. 1, No. 3 and No. 4 are red oval, and Baoyan No. 5 and No. 7 are red round. Baoyan No. 7 has the best high yield. Baoyan No. 7 can bear fruit twice a year. High and stable yield, strong cold resistance and drought resistance.

Cultivation techniques

Breeding technology

Rambutan can be used for seed reproduction and asexual reproduction. Although seed reproduction is a means of seed selection, it has the advantages of late fruit, great difference in yield and great variation in quality. At the same time, rambutan trees are dioecious fruit trees, and the proportion of male plants is 34.2%. Therefore, it is not conducive to the regionalization of improved fruit trees. Asexual reproduction is generally used in production, including grafting and air striping.

Sowing and sprouting in a sand bed:

The cultivation of rootstock seedlings can be divided into two stages: budding and nursery bed cultivation. First sprouting, and then transplanting to the seedbed, the growth is fast and neat, this method is widely used in production. The best time to accelerate germination is in early June, using Baoyan No. 5 seed with good yield.

Seed selection: at this time, rambutan harvested the first batch of red ripe fruit, and the seeds left after eating the pulp were used to sow seeds. The first batch of fruits had good quality, the most adequate nutrition and high seed quality. Seeds are also screened to get rid of those that are not full and spotted, because they cannot germinate or have a low germination rate.

Seed washing: wash the seeds after seed selection, that is, scrub the sugar on the seeds manually in clean water. The pulp left on the seeds must be rubbed off, because the residual pulp and sugar can easily arouse the interest of horse ants or other underground pests and attract them to eat seeds and buds. It is subject to washing. It is usually necessary to change the water and scrub 2-3 times.

Make a sand bed: the sand bed is built on the land in front and behind the house, and it is better to have shade. Coarse river sand should be chosen because it is conducive to sprouting. The size of the sand bed depends on the number of budding seeds. The direction of the seedbed is determined according to the topography, which is suitable for drainage. If the groundwater level is high, it is necessary to raise a high ridge to avoid rotten seeds. The height of the sand bed is 15-20 cm high, because the roots of the seeds are longer. A width of 1.2 meters is fine, which is easy to manage. After leveling the sand bed, you can sow seeds.

Germination: seed germination can be carried out on both sunny and rainy days. The bud eyes are facing down, put them on the sand bed and press them tightly. In this way, it is convenient to sprout and sprout quickly. Do not overlap, leave some space between the seeds, sow neatly and sprout neatly. After sowing, spread a layer of 2 cm thick noodle sand on it to keep moisture and warm up. The sunshade net is covered with flour sand to avoid strong light, which can moisturize and facilitate seed germination. Drench once through the sunshade net, this time drenching the sand bed. When the water vapor is slightly dry, spraying the sand bed with 80-1000 times of 80% trichlorfon soluble powder can not only kill ants or other underground pests, but also prevent them from gnawing and harming seeds.

Sand bed management: budding time is about 15-20 days. During this period, always keep the sand bed moist, too dry and wet is not conducive to germination, sunny days, 1-2 times a day, once in the morning and once in the evening. The moisture shall prevail. Pay attention to drainage on rainy days to avoid rotten seeds. The germ germinated about 5 days after sowing. After 10 days, there will be some small weeds on the sand bed that need to be pulled up manually. When the seed bud grows to 5-10 cm, before the first pair of heart leaves are opened, the nursery bed should be prepared in time to prepare for bud transfer.

Field management

Water and fertilizer management:

Rambutan rootstock seedlings were transplanted into nutrition bags in the first and middle of July and could be grafted in February-April of the following year, during which half a year was needed for cultivation in the nursery.

There are the following points for attention in management:

In the first month after transplanting buds, water should be drenched regularly once a day, in order to be moist, and water should be drenched when the soil is dry.

In the second month, the seedling pulled out the first new leaf, weeded the nutrition bag and loosened the soil between the rows. Prevent root damage when weeding. Water and fertilizer are applied thinly once a month.

Add potassium sulfate compound fertilizer with a ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at 15:15:15.

The seedlings were diluted to 10 times of water. The balanced distribution ratio of the three kinds of compound fertilizer is beneficial to the balanced absorption of rambutan.

The amount of fertilizer used per mu of nursery land is 5-7 kg.

See that the leaves are growing vigorously, from the end of the second month, urea is applied once a month, using point application, 4-6 grains per nutrition bag.

According to this calculation, about 5 kg of urea is needed per mu of nursery land.

From the third month to the fifth month, the rootstock seedlings grew to 50-70 cm tall. The weeds in the rows also grow fast, so pay attention to weeding.

The amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and water fertilizer was increased to 15-20 kg per mu of seedling field.

Pest control

The leaves of rambutan were mainly damaged by poisonous moths in the seedling stage. If the number of insects is small, it is best to kill them manually. If the hazard area is large, 38% methylvitamin salt can be selected. The liquid of octane EC is 800-1500 times, which can be used as an insecticide and can be effectively sprayed once. Jiawei salt. Pungent EC has strong penetration and contact ability, and after spraying, it quickly causes extreme excitement and paralysis of pests, resulting in rapid nerve blockage and death of pests, killing insects thoroughly. There are many Rain Water in the south, and the EC is resistant to Rain Water scour. The spray enters a safe period at an interval of one week, and the contact between human and animal is not affected.

The common diseases of rambutan in Hainan are powdery mildew, algal spot and downy mildew, as well as insect pests such as black-tailed moth, brown-edged green moth and so on.

Food guide

Purchase and preservation

Rambutan, which looks like a red hedgehog, is the fruit picking season from June to August every year.

The Malay name is rambutan, and the Chinese literal translation is "the fruit of hair". As rambutan is only a few distributed in Hainan in China, it mainly depends on imports from Southeast Asia, the storage and transportation cycle is relatively long, and its fresh-keeping capacity is relatively poor.

Selection and purchase skills

The fruit of rambutan is spherical or oval, with tortoise shell pattern on the surface of the pericarp and a concave groove, containing seeds, and the color of the ripe fruit is bright red or yellowish. In the purchase of rambutan and litchi, it depends on whether its appearance is beautiful, whether the skin color is bright red, the appearance of fresh fruit, the quality and taste of natural and delicious. The quality of the fruit with red and green on the surface of dull skin is the best. When choosing and buying, you should choose soft thorns, slender and fresh, fruit body appearance without black spots, large and symmetrical fruit grains, thin skin and thick flesh is the top grade.

Storage

Rambutan should be bought and eaten immediately and should not be hidden for a long time. It will change color and produce spots after 3 days at room temperature. If the quantity is excessive, it can be sealed in a plastic bag and refrigerated, which can be kept fresh for about 10 days. As the rambutan fruit is covered with soft thorns, it is most likely to hide dirt, so it must be carefully cleaned, dried or dried with paper towels, and then peeled and eaten, so as not to pollute the flesh.

Eating method

Rambutan is usually fresh to eat. In Western cooking, rambutan and litchi can replace each other. Rambutan can be made into fruit salad, served with ice cream, and cooked with a variety of vegetables and meat.

The way Hainan rambutan is eaten: rambutan is like a litchi with long hair. The eating method is also very similar to that of litchi, and the flesh is also very similar. Eat rambutan slowly and gently with your teeth. If you are impatient and energetic, then the nuclear membrane will be broken and the membrane and meat will be connected.

1. Fresh rambutan is bright red and slightly cyan. The hair on the shell is soft and tough, while the shell is dark and dark for a long time. Touching the hair on the shell with your hands will feel harder.

Second, the shell of rambutan is thicker than that of litchi. Peeling with fingernails will hurt your fingers, and it is also unsanitary. The correct way is to hold it up and down with two hands and unscrew it like opening a bottle cap.

Third, although the flesh of rambutan is similar to that of litchi, its nutritional value and taste are far lower than that of litchi. You can't eat more at the same time. Buy it back and eat it as soon as possible so as not to attract mosquitoes.

Fifth, rambutan must be stored in the freezer or refrigerator, preferably between 0 °and 5 °.

Prawn balls with red hair dang

Ingredients: 10 shrimps, 1 can of rambutan, 1 tablespoon of pepper and salt, 1 tablespoon of egg, 1 tablespoon of Taibai powder, 200g of mayonnaise, a little white sesame

Practice:

1. Rinse the shrimps, wipe dry, cut on the back and marinate with salt, egg and white powder for 10 minutes.

2. Heat the shrimp in an oil pan and deep-fry the shrimps until they change color and form shrimp balls.

3. Place the fried shrimp balls and rambutan on a plate, sprinkle with mayonnaise and sprinkle with white sesame.

Taboo on eating

1. Gastritis, peptic ulcer

2. Yang deficiency physique

3. The core of rambutan has a hard and brittle protective film, which is closely connected with the pulp. This layer of film, people's intestines and stomach is indigestible, eat in the stomach will cut the inner wall of the intestines and stomach, when eating, this layer of film must be removed clean.

Main value

Ornamental value

Rambutan has a beautiful appearance, and fruit trees can also be used as ornamental trees in gardens.

Economic value

Rambutan is a kind of tropical fruit tree with great economic value, which enjoys a high reputation in the market, has a high price, has a certain adaptability in Hainan, and is suitable for planting rambutan in the south and southeast, with high yield and good quality. it is a promising tropical fruit tree.

It blossoms from February to April every year, and the fruit is ripe and picked from June to August. The fruit yield of 20-year-old trees can reach 100,125kg. The fruit shell is rich in pigment, which is a good dye. With different mordant dyeing methods, it can be dyed into yellow, army green and brown.

Rambutan fruit is rich in nutrition, for fresh food and processing canned, in addition to candied fruit, jam, jelly and wine.

Medicinal value

Rinsing rambutan fruit shell and boiling water as tea can improve stomatitis and diarrhea. The root of rambutan plant is washed and boiled with water as a daily drink, and its bark is boiled as tea, which has a significant effect on tongue inflammation.

Other functions:

Enhance human immunity

Long-term consumption can clear heat and detoxify and enhance human immunity.

Moisturize hair and beautify skin

It has the effect of nourishing strength, tonifying blood and regulating qi, and strengthening hair and skin.

Improve dizziness

Rambutan also has high iron content, which helps to improve dizziness, hypotension and so on.

nutritive value

The pulp of rambutan contains glucose, sucrose, rich vitamins, amino acids, carbohydrates and a variety of minerals.

Its sweet and warm taste, pulp / sweet thick and juicy, some people call it the litchi of Lingnan, China, but also have the nickname of hairy litchi.

Rambutan flesh yellow-white, translucent, juicy, crisp meat, taste sweet or sweet and sour delicious, or fragrant.

The pulp ratio accounts for 31g to 60.2%, total solids 14.2%, sugar 3.61g 6.25%, citric acid 0.39g 1.53%, vitamin c 100g pulp contains 0.63g 5.5%.

The excellent varieties of rambutan have large fruit, thin skin, small and thick meat, separated meat and meat, crisp, sweet and delicious.