Cultivation techniques of winter jujube

Winter jujube is an excellent variety of late-ripening fresh food of thornless jujube, also known as Miaoshangfu, Yanlaihong, apple jujube and so on. In recent years, the market is in short supply and has high economic value. We can obtain higher economic, ecological and social benefits. Let's take a look at the cultivation techniques of winter jujube.

Morphological characteristics of winter jujube

1. Branches: deciduous small trees, sparse shrubs, up to 10 m high, bark brown or grayish brown, with long branches, short branches and sprouting branchlets smoother than long branches, purplish red or grayish brown, zigzag, with 2 stipules spines, long spines up to 3 cm, stout, short spines recurved, 4 cm long, short branches short, rectangular, arising from old branches, current year's branchlets green, drooping, solitary or 2 clusters on short branches.

2. Leaves: leaves papery, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or ovate moment round, 3-7 cm long, 1.5-4 cm wide, apex obtuse or rounded, sparsely acute, with a small tip, base slightly asymmetric, suborbicular, margin crenate serrate, dark green above, glabrous, lower light green, glabrous or more or less sparsely hairy along veins, basal Ternate veins, petiole 1 × 6 mm long, or up to 1 cm on long branches. Glabrous or with sparse hairs, stipule spines slender, often deciduous in later stage.

3. Flowers: flowers yellowish green, bisexual, 5-cardinal, glabrous, with short peduncles, solitary or 2-loculed into axillary Cymes, pedicels 2-3 mm long, sepals ovate-triangular, petals Obovate-rounded, base clawed, as long as stamens, disk thick, fleshy, round, 5-lobed, lower part of ovary hidden in disk, connate with disk, 2-loculed, 1 ovule per locule, style 2-cleft.

4. Drupe: drupe moment orbicular or long ovoid, 2 × 3.5 cm long, 1.5 × 2 cm in diameter, red at maturity, then reddish purple, mesocarp fleshy, thick, sweet, nuclear tip acute, base acute or obtuse, 2-loculed, with 1 or 2 seeds, pedicel 2 × 5 mm long, seeds flat-oval, ca. 1 cm long and 8 mm wide. The flowering period is from May to July and the fruiting period is from August to September.

Cultivation techniques of winter jujube

1. Selecting a site to build a garden: high-quality and non-toxic seedlings with strong growth, developed root system and no diseases and insect pests should be selected when building the garden. The garden should choose fresh air, pure water quality, unpolluted soil, flat terrain, open terrain, sufficient light, fertile soil, good drainage and irrigation conditions, no harmful and toxic substances in the soil, and soil minerals in the normal range. it is appropriate to have no pesticide residues and polluted land.

2. Timely planting: winter jujube has strong adaptability, tolerance to drought and barren, and does not have strict requirements for fertilizer and water. The garden should adopt the method of close planting and dwarfing cultivation, generally 2 to 3 × 3 to 4 meters, with 56 to 111 trees per mu, which plays an obvious role in increasing the early yield of young trees. Winter jujube has high requirements for light, and the row design should be the best in the north-south direction.

3. Fertilizer and water management: winter jujube has a high demand for phosphate fertilizer, which can be planted with 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 25 kg of organic fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer is applied once every year from late May, late June to early July and early August. In autumn, organic fertilizer was applied in furrow, 50 to 70 kg of farm manure and 0.5 to 1 kg of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer or the same amount of three-element compound fertilizer. Jujube trees were irrigated once before sprouting, before flowering, during the expansion period of young fruit and before overwintering, and irrigated properly according to drought at other times, drained in time in rainy season, and ploughed and weeded in time after rain. Ploughing and ploughing trees in autumn.

4, flower and fruit management: first, in the early flowering stage, jujube head pick heart, according to the growth strength, respectively leave 3 to 5 secondary branches to pick heart. Second, spray clear water, spray water every 1 to 3 days from the early stage of jujube to full bloom, a total of 3 to 5 times. Third, hormone treatment, spraying 10 to 15 mg / L gibberellin 1 to 2 times at the initial stage of flowering. Fourth, girdling, girdling and girdling. In the fruiting period, the big trees can be girdled on the trunk, and the young trees in the first fruiting period can be girdled on the main branches, so as to achieve the effect of fruiting and tree cultivation. It is better to heal in about 20 days in order to intercept the nutrition and protect the fruit on the tree.

5. Shaping and pruning: the tree shape of winter jujube is determined according to the planting density. For 55-100 trees per mu, it is appropriate to adopt small crown and sparse layer shape, maintain ventilation and transparent light, plant and fix the stem height from 70 to 80 cm, and cultivate 5 to 6 main branches year by year. In winter and summer pruning, we should timely remove the long branches, cut short and lengthen the branches, and cut through the dense branches and weak branches, so as to maintain the balance of the tree potential, keep the crown ventilated and transparent, and withdraw the long fruiting branches in time. Renew and rejuvenate the local branches.

6. disease control: jujube diseases and insect pests mainly include leaf mites, peach heart borer, jujube buqu, jujube rust, jujube fruit shrinkage disease, jujube mad disease and so on. 1000 times omethoate EC was sprayed 1 to 2 times during germination and leaf expansion period, and 2500 times EC was sprayed 1 to 2 times during the occurrence of leaf mites from late May to early June. Pyrethroids pesticides were sprayed 2 to 3 times from mid-July to mid-August to control peach heart borer and jujube step koji. Spraying fungicide every 15 to 20 days in July, August and September can be used alternately with Bordeaux solution and carbendazim solution or methyl thiophanate wettable powder 1000 times solution to control jujube rust and fruit shrinkage disease. If jujube mad disease is found, the diseased branches should be cut off in light cases, and the diseased branches should be removed in time if the disease is serious.

7. Harvest and storage: winter jujube is a fresh variety, which is often picked by hand. The same winter jujube can be harvested in 2 to 3 times according to the situation. Harvest by stages can not only increase the yield, but also improve the quality. After harvest, it is generally stored in cold storage, which can inhibit the production of ethylene in winter jujube under the condition of low temperature. The best temperature for cold storage is about 1 ℃, and its relative humidity should be maintained at about 98%, waiting for New Year's Day to supply the market during the Spring Festival.