Timeliness characteristics of plant diseases and insect pests

Plant diseases and insect pests will have their characteristics, the timeliness of plant diseases is a major feature, accurate understanding of these characteristics for the treatment of plant diseases is very beneficial. So what is the timeliness of plant pests?

Rhododendron

Plant diseases should strictly follow the timeliness of "03:00" (application time, onset period, infection period) and the pertinence of "four criteria" (method, drug, concentration and dose). One continuous (the continuity of the "course of treatment"). This is the key to effectively control the occurrence, harm, spread and spread of plant diseases, and it is also the most technical measure for the prevention and control of plant diseases.

Like all biological disease control, plant disease control should also prevent "excessive" treatment. At present, in the field of garden plant diseases, this situation is not much, which is far less obvious than the phenomenon of "excessive" control of garden plant pests. Garden plant prevention and control problems are mainly non-treatment, mistreatment, missed treatment, the behavior in the production operation is treatment without prevention, treatment is not timely, treatment is not in place, there is no way to cure.

Scientific understanding of Garden Plant Diseases

China Garden Network, June 18: the "recovery" of all infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases of plants is irreversible. In other words, the damaged cells, tissues, and organs of any disease-causing plant cannot be "recovered" after treatment, and the most ideal prevention and control effect can only be to restrain the expansion of disease tissue, block and prevent the spread and spread of the disease. The cells, tissues and organs of the injured site can be "reborn" in situ or transposition, while the original susceptible cells, tissues and organs can no longer be "regenerated".

The preposition of disease prevention and control

In the field of plant diseases, the essence of "prevention first" is "early" treatment "less (small)"treatment without disease", with emphasis on "treatment without disease". For any plant disease, only if we really attach importance to and implement "treatment without disease", can we really grasp the initiative in the prevention and control of plant diseases. On the other hand, "pest control" emphasizes the treatment of "weakness" and "accuracy", let alone "non-pest control", which is the biggest difference between "disease treatment" and "pest control" in plant protection strategies.

Complexity of disease prevention and control

The "four links" of infectious diseases (host, pathogen, disease conditions, infection pathway) are highly related and indispensable. Only when all the "four links" are available, plant diseases can be formed and occurred. Therefore, if any link is missing or blocked, the "occurrence" of the disease will be difficult to sustain, and the "harm" will be terminated. As far as garden plant protection is concerned, in the past, "occurrence" was often confused with "harm", and the expression was not rigorous enough. In fact, "occurrence" and "harm" are two basic concepts which are not only intrinsically related but also different. The track of "occurrence" is "chain", and the track of "harm" is "ladder". The adverbial direction of "occurrence" is "scope", and the adverbial of "harm" is "degree". The perception of "occurrence" is "universal" (extensive), "local", "sporadic" and "individual", while that of "harm" is "serious", "heavy", "average" and "mild" (whether it is "occurrence" or "harm". The quantitative expression of each level must be based on the data indicators of different levels). At the ecological, environmental, economic and landscape levels, the "occurrence" of plant diseases and even the whole pest does not necessarily constitute a "harm" (loss), but the degree of "harm" of any level must be based on "occurrence". Once both "occurrence" and "harm" of pest or environmental "stress" reach the extreme, a "disaster" with "loss" as its connotation element is formed, which constitutes a veritable "natural disaster". However, it must be emphasized that the prevention and control of garden plant diseases should be based on "occurrence" as the basis of investigation, monitoring, prediction and forecast, rather than waiting for the emergence of "harm", which is also one of the distinguishing points of "scientific prevention and control" of diseases and insect pests.

The "three elements" of non-infectious diseases (environment, nature, management, including planting, design, construction and maintenance) are highly related and can be "exerted" respectively, any one of which can become the leading cause.

Infectious diseases and non-infectious diseases interact viciously, and most of the "non-infectious diseases" can cause secondary "infectious diseases" or cause "weak parasites". On the contrary, the formed "infectious diseases" can also induce or aggravate the occurrence of "non-infectious diseases".

Comprehensiveness of disease prevention and control

The "effectiveness" of plant disease prevention and control depends to a large extent on the "comprehensive" level of prevention and control measures, and efforts should be made on "package" and "combination punch". As most of the plant diseases are caused by the superposition of multiple factors, the corresponding combination of measures must be paid attention to in the effective prevention and control of plant disease.

Timeliness of disease prevention and control

Plant diseases should strictly follow the timeliness of "03:00" (application time, onset period, infection period) and the pertinence of "four criteria" (method, drug, concentration and dose). One continuous (the continuity of the "course of treatment"). This is the key to effectively control the occurrence, harm, spread and spread of plant diseases, and it is also the most technical measure for the prevention and control of plant diseases.

Like all biological disease control, plant disease control should also prevent "excessive" treatment. At present, in the field of garden plant diseases, this situation is not much, which is far less obvious than the phenomenon of "excessive" control of garden plant pests. Garden plant prevention and control problems are mainly non-treatment, mistreatment, missed treatment, the behavior in the production operation is treatment without prevention, treatment is not timely, treatment is not in place, there is no way to cure.

Effective way of scientific prevention and control

Some insects (such as aphids, scale insects, bugs, whitefly, leafhopper, Monochamus alternatus, etc.) are used as the vectors of plant diseases, such as virus diseases, mosaic disease, coal pollution disease, pine wood nematode disease and so on. These pests must be eliminated first, and then diseases can be effectively prevented and controlled.

The pathogens of various plant diseases, such as Fusarium wilt, root cancer, standing blight, quenching, root rot, blight, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, root knot nematode and gray mold, take the soil as the hiding place and the soil as the source of infection. Even for non-infectious diseases, there are many "coercion", "pollution", "element deficiency" and "barren" soil derived from plant habitats, so the base soil of plant habitats must be "nutritious", "permeable", "non-toxic", suitable temperature and humidity, and sufficient nutritional area (actually volume) in order to effectively prevent, treat and control diseases.

Treatment of disease first "decline" such as a variety of weak parasitic "host-dominated" rot, skin rot, canker and so on. There are two original characteristics of various host-dominated plant diseases: first, the pathogen is long-term and widespread on the plant, regardless of whether the disease is "occurring" or "harmful" or not, the pathogen has long been attached to the plant, so the pathogen is prepositional and universal. Second, the development (infection process) of the pathogen is based on the "machine" and has a strong opportunity. this "opportunity" is the weakening of plant growth and suitable habitat conditions, which contributes to the coexistence of "occasional" and "inevitability" of plant diseases. usually, there are weak and extremely weak plants, and then there are parasites of various diseases, and then destroy the growth of plants to a greater extent. This constitutes the "harm" of "disease" to plants in the form of a vicious circle.

All kinds of congenital and hereditary plant diseases are caused by "seed". The inspection of seedlings in most local gardens is missing, and quarantine is a mere formality, which causes the seedlings to carry the disease into the city and the seedlings to carry the disease into the soil. Being accustomed to this situation and turning a blind eye to it has become one of the basic hidden dangers of greening all over the country at present. All allelopathic, asphyxiating, congenital and carrying plant diseases are caused by "species". At present, many green space construction is actually "disease-carrying projects" to varying degrees, and most of the whole-process supervision of greening project quality is absent or non-existent; in many places, "suitable trees for land" has been reduced to a cosmetic slogan that is not subject to any constraints. in fact, it is "land" and "tree", "door is not right", "land" does not consider "tree", "tree" does not adapt to "land". The "magnanimous" high tolerance attitude of the planting link to the plant disease, the knowledge blind spot of "the reason why the diseased plant and the disease department cannot understand the true face of Lushan Mountain", and the carelessness and carelessness of the planting process, it has become another basic hidden danger of greening everywhere, and it also brings endless "trouble" and passivity to the maintenance and management of green space in the later stage.

The management and protection of water, medicine, fertilizer, shearing and protection is not the only means to prevent and control plant diseases, but scientific and reasonable maintenance and management is the ultimate means to control the occurrence of plant diseases to the minimum and reduce the harm to the lowest degree.

Therefore, it must be recognized that the traditional prevention and control of plant diseases is concerned with the "end", the "treatment" after the appearance of symptoms, and the passive "control" after the occurrence of harm, which is actually difficult to be really effective or has little effect; scientific plant disease prevention and control, grasp the "source" and "process", based on "prevention", is the active "prevention and control" before or at the beginning of the harm. Although the two measures are inseparable from ideas to technical measures, they must be distinguished, primary and secondary, with particular emphasis. Only in this way can we truly realize the "16-character policy" of garden plant protection in the prevention and control of garden plant diseases. "Scientific prevention and control" emphasized by scientific prevention and control, management according to law, health promotion). (Jiang Sandeng: the writer is the former chief engineer of Shandong Jinan Institute of Landscape Science)

How to determine the waterline when making cypress bonsai?

How to determine the waterline when making cypress bonsai?

The following is an article about how to determine the waterline when making cypress bonsai. The production method and matters needing attention of real cypress bonsai are introduced in detail.

True cypress attribute

Belongs to the cypress family, small evergreen trees, produced in China. Japan and other places are partial negative (resistant to sunshade). Resistant to drought. Be resistant to cold. Endure (poor soil). At present, most of the native cypress species are Japanese, but most of the native cypress species are planted on Chinese mainland.

Tree formation

The shape of the tree. Each is different. All naturally formed by the external forces of the environment.

The causes of root exposure are the loss of topsoil and exposure due to soil and rock pressure. When the wind blows, it is uprooted and it is hit by an animal or natural disaster that causes the tree to fall to the ground. Over time, another form of double-trunk or clump-trunk tree that takes root becomes double-trunk, so that nutrients can be evenly transported to cause the regeneration of double-trunk or more than double-trunk by frost. Lightning strikes pests. Gnaw and eat. After felling, another form of literati cypress reissued from the uninjured part of the tree has trees. Little Arbor. There are three kinds of dwarf shrubs, most of which are in the shape of literati trees, most of which are caused by trees and small trees. With the extension of the rock wall, almost all of them produce and develop horizontally, while the uneven weight of the growing point is almost cliff-shaped.

The real cypress leaves. Branch. Dry

According to common sense, the leaves will turn to the sun due to sunshine at the stage of branch formation, and the branch potential in nature will change due to external forces, and the stem is also the continuous transformation of the branch.

The natural ecology of leaves

There are many differences in leaves, and most of them are named and distinguished by local varieties. The leaves are divided into gold and silver, and most of them are more suitable for potted plants and climate in Taiwan.

Phosphorous cypress leaf (phosphorous) fir-shaped leaf (needle-shaped) apical restoration is phosphorous leaf process long phosphorous cypress leaf

The neck end of the cypress leaf-(phosphorous) leaf is the point with the most photosynthesis, and the cypress leaf is the most appreciative in potted plants, but if the balance of tree potential is out of balance, such as a large number of leaves thinning, too much watering time, insufficient sunshine, changing soil and cutting roots, improper fertilization, all may cause the needles in the phosphorus shape to grow out, from my adjustment, to grow more or less Chinese fir leaves according to the needs of the tree potential, until the tree potential is balanced. After balance, the top of the fir leaves grow into phosphorus-like leaves (the needles that grow after the phosphorus leaves are opened will not restore the original phosphorus-like leaves)

Cunninghamia lanceolata-(needle) in order to maintain a certain growth rate of newborn leaves, there are more points for photocooperation, and more nutrients are made for fine package growth. The top of each leaf surface of Chinese fir leaves will have the most photosynthesis. It is much more than cypress leaves (it is important to reduce the growth of Chinese fir leaves to a minimum in spring due to high humidity and growing season)

The natural ecology of branches

Branches will not be limited by external forces and stagnate, and the pressure generated by external forces for vitality will continue to move until it forms a sinuous stem in the future.

The generation of branches is the differentiation point on the needles, the terminal buds will continue to grow with time, and the old leaves in the first half will grow over time. The natural elimination of sunshine into Lignification, during the normal growth period, the woody part will continue to grow, not affected by the loss of leaves, a tree is often seen due to long-term shade or improper management caused by branch aging, only see slender undivided and a little leaf surface, which is very different from the health of the surrounding branches. Whether to consider replanting the branches after harvesting, so as not to cause the time and effort spent in the future to be wasted after many years of work, because the aged branches are small and soft and cannot be hard and fixed, and the slow growth cannot follow up with other branches, so proper harvesting must be done before.

Dry natural ecology

Dry body flow performance accounts for a high percentage of the whole tree, there is no obvious streamline of dry body, branches and leaves in the United States is also a great defect.

The appearance of the dry can distinguish the environment and time of planting. As far as the environment is concerned, the bark is dark red and rough and the exfoliated cortex covers the dry body, the air root floats in the hidden part of the rough cortex, and the shape layer is partly thick and watery. This is the cultivated wood at a slightly lower altitude in the hot and warm area.

The trunk epidermis is purplish red, the exfoliated surface is not easy to attach, and the surface is smooth and without air roots, mostly in dry and cold areas, or on hillsides with extremely steep slopes, the slope is too high to gather water and the strong wind blows for years, and the growth rate is slow. The cambium is also relatively thin, which is a kind of wood that can be cultivated in potted real cypress for many years.

The best way to train the old stem with time is to plant the seedlings in the basin and let the growth be restrained by thinning, so as to achieve the aging of the dry body. of course, giving a little water and nutrients during the culture period can cultivate the old stem in a shorter time, but at the same time, we should pay attention to the aging degree of the branch. we should make the position of the main branch in advance to avoid the formation of the trunk without branches.

Wood selection

The choice of dry body should not have the feeling of top-heavy, the dry body away from the basin is thin and small, the upper part of the dry body is swollen or excessively twisted and squeezed into a mass, if the mass can still be carved, the trend of dry body after twisting can be considered.

When selecting the front of the material, you should be careful not to bend 90 degrees and dry vertically and horizontally. more importantly, there is only bending from the basin. Torsion, no front and back left and right movement, with a single plane bending, no cohesion and depth, the plane is only bent in the left and right direction, more rigid.

The trunk grows up slowly from unearthed to slender, and do not choose a trunk of the same size as a tube. the trunk close to the crown should lean slightly forward, or branches with left and right flow should be used as the ending part of the crown.

Waterline composition and composition

The part of the bark that remains after the damage to the natural cypress is called the waterline, so to create a potted tree, the waterline must keep shortcuts to keep it alive.

The waterline is the remaining part of the cambium, and the removed part is the remaining part. Along the fiber direction, the waterline connects up to the branches and leaves like a disk column, so that the tree can keep alive. After the waterline is first constructed with chalk, the unnecessary parts are cut off with a sharp knife. The waterline is about the size of the waterline, and the diameter of the dry body is between 1x3mm 2x3.

The cropping waterline should first understand the growth degree of the roots of the potted trees. after the field culture is transplanted or has not changed the soil for many years, it should be planted in a new pot first, and it must be replanted for more than a year before operation, so that the new thin roots will not be torn off by carving.

We should look for the living cambium before the waterline composition, the dried part will stop the transport of the cambium due to the previous truncation, the roots will not continue to supply and dry up, and there will also be natural elimination of uneven growth and diseases and pests in culture. so first find out the surviving cambium, and then use the survival place to conceive the direction of the waterline.

There can be a single waterline or more than one waterline, and more than one waterline should pay attention to the distance of waterline transportation. there must be branches with considerable foliar surface in the middle of the far waterline from the root to the leaves, so that the transportation will not be interrupted because the distance is too long, because the shorter waterline is faster, while the longer waterline is slower, it will be replaced by the shorter waterline, so it is necessary to leave branches and leaves in the middle of the waterline to minimize the chance of being eliminated.

The remaining place of the waterline must take the front as the main place to appreciate, and the front should not be left, and the lower half of the two parallel rigid straight stems only leave the whole Shuli waterline straight without bending the waterline. if you can't get in and out of the front waterline, you should slowly shrink from the exposed waterline at the bottom to the edge with the waterline exposed at the bottom on the front, and disappear from behind to the front, from the back gradually exposed to all the waterlines. Stereo vision from near and far to vanishing point

For more than one waterline, attention should be paid to the last connecting point of the waterline. no matter where the waterline is doing, the parts of the tree crown must be connected, because disconnection will result in more than two or more trees on a Shili body. each waterline supplies different branches, resulting in different leaves and uneven strength of the same tree (waterline to avoid being pressed by branches and causing waterline edema. The front and rear sections are different, even resulting in the interruption of transportation and death)

In order to make a more dynamic waterline, it must be taken from the dry fiber to the horizontal direction, and the horizontal waterline should not be retained at 90 degrees. It should be crossed at the angle of minimum damage, and a wider waterline must be retained, so that there is enough space for the waterline to be transported for reorganization time, resulting in waterline shrinkage. After normal growth, cut off the eliminated part (if the tree is strong in this situation, the operation leaves more leaves to force the recombination time to shorten, so as not to stop the growth as far as possible)

Waterline culture is not completed until the edema grows normally, and can be used for waterline and carving at the same time. No immediate pruning and shaping action will affect waterline reorganization and growth pause, resulting in shrinkage after waterline reservation. Because the growth pause will reduce the transport of water, unnecessary waterlines will be eliminated, leaving only enough waterlines to transport branches and leaves. When the tree continues to grow, only part of the waterline survives, wasting the waterline left before.

The formation of relics

The xylem outside the waterline is sherry, and the deep and shallow twisted grooves show the old state of the tree, and the beauty of the vicissitudes of life is unique.

Immortal dead wood formed in natural ecology

All the growth time after plant growth will be recorded in the old Lignification rings, due to natural disasters, environment, disease and withered branches, etc., resulting in cambium diversion and repair, continue to maintain life, during this period will leave traces of the unknown years of the past.

Trees have been attacked by wind, rain, frost and snow or birds and animals over time. The destruction of diseases and insect pests will inevitably be damaged, and the exposed part of the scar will be weathered and decayed for many years, and the withered bone is called "sherry", the dry part is called Shili stem, the branch part is called divine branch, and the Shili stem at the top of the ancient tree is called divine stamen.

The shape of the ring is caused by the external force of the environment or different seasonal climate, resulting in fast and slow growth of xylem and changes in shape, and the circumference of the dry body during seedling growth is small. Moreover, the leaves are sparse and require less nutrients, so the cell tissue is smaller than the general adult tree, and the density of wood fiber is higher, and because the living cells in the adulteration die slowly, the filling cells form, and the surrounding cells around the resin can secrete grease, and the addition of resin or other substances deepens the color of the wood core, forming the center of the ring with more precipitates to fill it. Harden it to form a so-called (red lattice)

Red lattice growth rings, with the growth trend to form a different shape, wood stomata are dense and oily red xylem for many years

Red mark when the seedlings rule out the fate of elimination in nature, the number of growing leaves increases, the slow growth rate accelerates, and the hard color of the wood heart will be diluted due to shortening the precipitation time, forming the so-called (red mark).

After the white mark becomes a tree, it is the adult stage, which requires a lot of water transport in the growing season, so it produces large and more ducts, then grows rapidly, the growth rate makes the wood fiber wide and not tight, and the oil precipitation time is almost negligible to form the so-called (white label).

Of course, the red lattice is not limited to the wood heart. during the growth period, if the growth is stopped due to the injury caused by external forces, the growth is rapidly turned into a state of slow growth, resulting in the rapid reduction of tissue cells and slow growth. the slow time and the shrinking part of the cambium are factors that determine the size and shape of the red lattice, and a red lattice may occur in every part of the tree. The shape is mostly flaky (red lattice) due to grease, resin and other substances filled, the rings are tight and not easy to permeate and can be preserved for many years, red. White. The mark is easy to rot because of its wide wood.

Carve a work of art

Shuli carving should be carved in a large pattern of the whole tree, not only in small areas, but in a more exaggerated way with the trend of the whole tree.

Dry body carving and carving

The white bone Shelley seen in the high mountains is the red checked wood that is not perishable after weathering or insect pests. The decay is due to the large stomata and wide width of the wood, which is easy to absorb water and is not resistant to the rot and insect pests caused by the wet climate. Insects eat the soft parts of the wood, leaving the fishy smell and oil hard parts.

For understanding wood fiber carving, use a screwdriver? Iron iron, and a sharp-nosed plier can be done according to the required size. Direction. depth。 To carve, after making a hole, the two sides are pulled apart by one left and one right respectively, and the opening path will pass through the fault plane of many fibers. the farther you pull, the more the fault plane will be, and the smaller the wood fiber will be, forming the shape of two needles.

After finding the front with the wood, all the waterline trends and the lines of the sherry should be viewed from the front to select the most favorable place for performance. for example, the Shili part of the whole tree should choose the key parts that can best express the dynamics and essence, and start carving first. avoid the carving of the surrounding lines affecting important parts, but can not meet the standard of the performance of the previous idea, and the surrounding Shili lines should be fully repaired after the performance part is completed.

The hovering sherry has an inner depression and a peripheral protruding place. In order to show a larger and more powerful rotation, it is necessary to carve and remove wood fibers in the inner concave place, and the fixed point is deep in the inside, so that the bending angle is visually larger and more powerful, in the peripheral protruding place. If it is not visually prominent enough to stretch outward, it is necessary to reduce the thick wood by carving, to form a visual elongation in the prominent place of the outer edge, to sink and pull in the same bend, and to add the three-dimensional and angle to the maximum limit.

Qu qu Shili carved the sunken place with a softer line flow, but the difference is that the carving point is not limited to the same deep depression, broadening the sunken point into a face, such as the S-shaped concave on both sides, for the most moderate shallow carving, leaving protruding places outward, highlighting softer lines, such as twisting in different directions of the left and right hands with a centimeter of slender paper (fairy ribbon dancing).

The straight line does not turn and does not bend, and the straight line is the most difficult to express and is only limited to a certain degree of carving. The place of the knife must be opened to avoid the same place with the same direction, which will result in fibers of the same size or connected to form like a washing board. In terms of the front, the first knife is the lower left, the second knife must be the upper right, and according to the tree shape, choose a deeper carving. In another carving with a shallow layer in the opposite direction, if the upper and lower knives are made into one high and one low, the direction of the fiber will change differently because of the direction of the force. for example, the direction of the upper and lower fibers will go to the inside, and the fibers from the middle will definitely meet and interlace, while the lower side will? If you go into the higher fibers, you won't be so rigid.

The outline of the outer edge is mainly on the front, and the most edge lines on both sides of the dry body are dry lines, and the dry body will slowly shrink upward from the basin, not because of Sherry's carving, the trunk strip is too deep, resulting in visual atrophy (such as gourd) in the front view.

Divine branch carving

Shenzhi carving will directly affect the wood grain fibers of the dry body, so Shenzhi should give priority to carving and look at the most beautiful parts of the branches.

In nature, the growing environment of cypress is poor, which can be caused by thunder and lightning. Diseases and insects. A landslide. The broken branches caused by the strong wind, so the small branches in the periphery are weathered and rotted quickly and are not easy to retain, leaving only thick branches close to the dry body for many years, and after the branches die, they will slowly dry up along the trunk. It has been withered from the root (longer sacred branches can also be retained in addition to the tree shape).

In order to show the natural aging state, the divine branch which is too long and uncurved should be taken from the curved place, and the length of the divine branch should be reserved to prevent it from being carved. The length retained is too short. In the outer circumference reserved by oblique pliers, the wood fiber is removed from the fineness degree in the place with the most lines.

If the larger branch should pay attention to whether the wood fiber is over the dry body, because it will cause the consistency of the dry body carving later, the thick, short and close to the dry body is very difficult to carve, and it will damage the lines of the dry body, if there is such a branch, the middle part should be hollowed out with electric drilling tools, leaving less fiber carving at the edge of the branch, which is also another manifestation of decadent hollow branches.

Styling and pruning

According to the conditions of the stump. Choose the most beautiful and appropriate for the front. Indecent branches are covered by foliage.

Take the plum to shape a newly purchased cypress wood, find out the front according to the dynamics of the trunk, adjust the tilt direction of the dry body according to the dynamics of the dry body, and then conceive the composition of the whole tree after the leaf is out of order. for example, it is necessary to find out the position of the crown in the idea before you can choose the branches that are suitable for the crown, or other branches such as wind branches, downwind branches, and back branches. These branches are the most basic form of a tree-shaped performance.

Important branches are required to focus on crown branches and downwind branches, because in order to have a consistent performance with the dry body lines, they usually expose the performance of the crown and downwind branches, and avoid excessive concealment of the surrounding leaves.

The branch point will directly affect the beauty of the whole tree, for example, from the front, side, side and rear, and the back branch will affect the strength and integrity of the branch when appreciating.

Before the creation of wood, the mainstream branches and tributaries of different lengths, can not form a fan shape. Therefore, pruning the trunk and important branches must be carried out on the pruning. The expression of the trunk and important branches should be outward or tilted forward at the inner angle. A potted plant looks at the branches and leaves from a positive angle and gathers in the concave part of the inner corner to show the visual feeling of three-dimensional depth. The crown branch should be on the side or back branch, from inside to outside, curved. The top of the branch is the ending part, and the top part should be placed after bending, depending on the needs of the tree shape, such as the trunk is shown in the front as the viewing surface, and the ending part should be viewed in the front, with a greater trend, such as the wind blowing from the right side. The end of the crown should be in the left direction, so as not to cause different directions of the dry branches and leaves when viewing.

Important branches showing dynamic tree structure

The winding direction of the crown branch, according to the tree composition, the need for leaf area, such as the right side of the wind, the wind place of the leaf surface is more, it should be from the right side of the bend as the first direction, after the end of the bend on the left, because of the downwind direction on the left, the wind force causes the pulling force of the wind speed, so that the branches and leaves are scattered and sparse.

In order to show the dynamic force of the wind direction and speed, the branches are exposed more than the wind side, and do not have positive branches in the direction of the branches, because the strength near the front is weak, the depth of the three-dimensional performance is not enough, and there is not enough space for viewing. It's like being cut off during normal growth. The front branch bends sharply from the front to the side, and there is no cohesion and ornamental three-dimensional sense at the protruding point of the growing point, which can be expressed by the branches coming out from the side and the back of the side. the branch momentum of the branch starts from the branch point, moves slightly forward from the lower bend, and there can not be too much bending at the periphery of the branch, so that there is a way to show the pulling force of the wind speed.

The branches affected by the wind, in order to show the oncoming wind, the branches that are squeezed and bent all the year round are relatively short on the windy side, and the growth of the branches is more dense, so the exposed performance of the branches is just the opposite of that of the downwind branches, showing the strength of the strong wind from the growing point of the branches. the growth of the branches is thick and short, and the branches and leaves are close to the dry body. the middle and back part of the branch is not easy to survive because the tail attracts the wind, so the branches are affected by the wind. The first half of the branch shows that the shape of the whole tree is mostly higher on the windy side.

The dorsal branch is a three-dimensional depth of the dorsal branch, because the point of the branch is in the rear, viewed from the front, the branch exposed by the dorsal branch should not have a horizontal branch parallel to the trunk or 90 degrees, because it is another important ornamental branch in the whole tree. The placement of branches is beautiful to the whole tree and occupies an important position, especially when it is not interspersed with the front and rear branches.

Adjustment of branch potential

The size of the branch will make the degree of bending different. in order not to destroy the cambium, the curvature usually cannot get the desired branch potential, and it is impossible to bend at a fixed point without destroying the cambium. We should increase the fixed point of bending to share the pressure equally. Try to use the toughness of cypress wood fibers, such as twisting towels, to bend slowly, to disperse the points that share the force, so that the cambium is destroyed to a minimum.

Branches in the performance of more torsional radians, should be shown in the first half of the dry body after the branch, slowly reducing the arc, to the branches close to the peripheral leaf mass, try not to have too much bending, because the vitality of the whole tree is at the top of the branch, excessive bending will cause damage to the growth of branches and leaves, affecting the whole tree potential, should not be turned too much can be slightly bent.

The position of the formed branch is fixed.

In the part of growing branches, we have to start to prepare for the fixation of branches. After the dry body grows new branches, leave the necessary branches to cultivate. When the new branches can rotate the shape, make a fixed shape first, and when the size of the branches reaches the standard after laissez-faire, the length that should be retained should be truncated, so that the cut surface, due to the inability of moisture accumulation and natural weathering, the outer edge of the branch survives and forms a layer after time, and the wood hardens inside, so that the thick branches do not have to be preserved. The thread can be fixed, and the second-to third-generation branches are also the same. the fine branches are different. The small branches are connected to the leaf mass, too small to bear the weight of the leaf mass, and are not easy to fix. They must be thickened first and then cut off from the approach. The previous generation of branches have leaves, leaving a small section, so that it can be fixed again. The method can be done for a long time, and the other years are dominated by thinning leaves.

Leaf thinning management

The new stump must be created by thinning leaves so that the leaves can fully achieve photosynthesis. Moreover, when the whole leaf is wrapped with thread, it is easy to form a flower shape, so that the leaf mass will not feel cluttered after creation, making the leaf bright and reducing diseases and insect pests.

In the first material creation, the leaves are very important. in order not to sparse a large number of leaves, so that the trees can continue to grow, most of the leaves of new trees have terminal buds that do not form clusters, but grow slender. After selecting branches, the necessary branches and leaves are selected, and the leaves are mainly composed of a protruding top bud branch. because there are long and slender leaves up and down, choose sunny and healthy leaves, pull out the leaves that grow down, and then entangle the thread.

After pruning, the terminal bud must be retained first, so that the tree can continue to grow, because the cambium is injured in many places after pruning, and the terminal bud of the leaf will stop even more after it is suppressed, and the tree potential will become weaker. After the tree is restored, the terminal bud can be seen to begin to grow. The buds on the branches will also slowly turn to the sun, growing denser, and the leaf area will become larger. At this time, the terminal bud will be restrained. It can keep more leaf area without affecting the tree potential, and the leaves on the branches can grow quickly.

After the finished product, the leaf thinning can be done in all seasons. In order to restrain and thinning the leaves, it is necessary to observe the growth of the tree and do different work, such as inhibiting the stagger between the terminal bud and the leaf thinning time, so as not to greatly reduce the leaf surface and cause the growth of Chinese fir leaves. The method of leaf thinning is to retain Xiangyang healthy leaves and thinning leaves that lose most of their photosynthesis, because the leaves with less photosynthesis have little effect on the tree potential, such as cutting strong and too many leaves, resulting in the balance of tree potential and the possibility of growing fir leaves (except for pruning after branch change and wild release).

Twining thread

The greatest function of winding aluminum wire in creation is to adjust and fix it.

In order to fix the shaped branches, so that the trees are not messy, we should pay attention to using a few lines as far as possible to achieve the maximum effect, move the places with more lines to the inside thick branches, and the outer branches to reduce the number of aluminum wires as far as possible, because during the period of thread winding, too many lines will cover a lot of growing points, so that the number of leaf buds will be reduced, especially near the outer leaf mass (teaching will be illustrated in this workshop).

The flow direction caused by the disease

The composition of the composition before creation, including tree shape, flow direction and spatial performance. Distant view and near view show long focal length visually. The nearly different perception and the direction of the wind determine the natural or rigid shape of the tree after creation.

The shape of the wind is even more wild.

The direction of the lines and leaves of the trunk. The common performance of the tree shape, how to integrate the performance of the trunk and branches and leaves into one, is a compulsory course. Most trees use the curved curve of large radians as the material for imitation, that is, the twisted body of large radians. But if you want to make this tree grow steadily, there is not much room for imagination. From the degree of distortion, it is not difficult to imagine the space environment and bad degree in which it grows, so the creation should not put the twisted trunk. Put on a layer of clothes that have nothing to do with it, such as the crown is round like a ball close to semicircle, there is no disease to speak of, while the branches and leaves are luxuriant, and the same amount of branches and leaves on both sides of the tree have nothing to do with the pale mulberry and helpless growth environment presented by the dry body.

The force of nature changes the tree ecology

The choice of flow direction is to determine the overall tree coordination and center of gravity after creation, and to create at the height of the tree. Width. Depth must be assessed before it can be handy. Wind and tailwind were mentioned earlier.

Because the wind is hit by the strong wind, the branches and leaves are close to the dry body, and the branches and leaves die because they cannot withstand the ravages of the strong wind, so the height of the leaves affected by the wind is mostly higher than that of the downwind side, while the downwind side will spread out due to the pull of the wind, long and low shade. (the crown and the wind place are the centers of stabilizing the tree posture, and each has its own stabilizing effect. The lower shady downwind place is the stage where the tree can perform most, and it is also the place where the tree posture is more active.)

The balanced center of gravity of the whole tree

Find out the center of gravity of the trunk and branches and leaves in the composition, if needed in the creation room, tilt the dry body, and place the position at the highest point of the crown, so that the dry body will not have the feeling of tipping and the center of gravity is unstable, and can stabilize the highest point of the whole tree. for example, the center position is a little more inclined. There will be the feeling that the whole tree will fall forward, and the dry body will not be in harmony with the crown in the future, and there will be a feeling of head restrain, so it is necessary to find out the central point of the most balanced whole tree.

Leaves and the central point of leaves

After the composition of the width and height of the tree, the branches and leaves are placed in a vertical line with the center of the crown as the central point, and the leaves on both sides are about the same weight, so that the branches and leaves on one side of the wind are arranged more closely, and the branches and leaves on the downwind side are exaggerated. Wider and sparse, the same amount of branches and leaves in unequal size area, after decoration The wind area is small, the downwind area is large, take the tree crown as the center scale, can also get the balance (this method for study reference).

Ye. Branch. Dry location space

The natural true cypress will produce the space after the leaves due to lack of sunshine. The created wood should avoid covering up the beautiful branches. The tree that creates the space can show the three-dimensional aesthetic feeling better.

The formation of space in nature will be due to the lack of sunshine of withered branches, gravity, wind and snow, and the space set aside by withered branches caused by external forces or diseases and insect pests during their growth. the lack of sunshine is due to the overgrowth of plants and dense branches and leaves, resulting in the internal inability to carry out photosynthesis, resulting in the space caused by withered leaves, gravity is the branches that have grown for many years, the leaf area is wide, and droop because of wearing weight. The wind and snow attack the space left over after drooping, and the branches of different lengths will be opened by the pulling force of the wind. Form the spatial change between branches, because of snow deposition leaf surface, larger or small branches can not bear snow weight elimination or sagging

The space caused by elimination or other factors can show a deeper three-dimensional depth, the removed space can directly see through the previously hidden unknown areas, the space can see trees, and the growth environment is more far-reaching, not only in the front, but also in a closer view of the dynamics of the whole tree. of course, you can also take another small space in a larger space to see a deeper layer of perspective.

If the direction of the tree can be adjusted, it is not only the space part that can show a three-dimensional perspective. For example, if the original wind direction of 90 °is changed to a back angle of 45 °, then the branches and leaves behind can be seen from the front. In the place where the branches and leaves are close, you can see the performance of three-dimensional depth. (the change of wind direction is the turn of the moving branches and leaves rather than the movement of the whole tree and the whole tree.) the performance in the front space is slightly simpler, less beautiful, move out of the more expressive place, and follow the dry edge line, revealing the mainstream trunk line from the bottom up.

The way we behave about Sherry and the waterline

Of course, we are also slowly growing up in failure, familiar with the principle of tree growth, these relics will be dry waterline as healthy as a living dragon.

All the above descriptions are the written teaching materials for this workshop. If you are interested in taking part in this workshop, please read this textbook carefully in advance to absorb and understand all the teaching knowledge of this site. Our workshop is mainly about teaching hand-carved skills. Contact potted plants, cypress can learn the most skills, the most challenging and lively, can learn the technology of cypress, into other types of tree species are not difficult, we only teach.................................................... Masahiro.

True cypress with real life

The real cypress works of art are different from ordinary wood carvings or stone carvings, the biggest difference is that the real cypress also has actual life, I remember the first time in my life I was very happy to complete a real cypress sketch, appreciate the whole night lamented that I was so artistic talent, but after a few days, the various parts of the tree began to turn yellow and dry...

After getting more and more familiar with the real cypress, he began to do the middle grade again. This time, he added the relic carving and the waterline retention. He sighed again about his artistic talent. However, after a few days, the waterline of the real cypress began to shrink. Although there was no death, the remaining waterline survived, but it was not what we expected at the beginning. Once the waterline shrank and was eliminated, it would never grow back...

After accumulating more experience, I found that there are all kinds of big and small problems in the cypress, carving and winding, arranging and arranging the appearance of branches and leaves. It is not too difficult to make it immediately finished and beautiful, but it can look good and keep for how long??

when we complete the tree for the operator, we take into account commercial issues and will try our best to let customers see the ultimate potential of potted plants directly. simple complete tree shapes will not affect the tree vigor, but if it involves rapid creation, potted plants will have a lot of variables in the future. it is still necessary to coordinate with the careful and correct care of customers after purchasing, so as not to make potted plants produce excessive appearance changes. therefore, you may feel that the price difference of potted plants in the market is very large. The price of potted plants that have grown steadily will be much higher than that of new products. Here we stand in the position of tree lovers and talk about the places that need attention and improvement in the process of true cypress creation through many years of experiments and observations!

Lack of Rapid Creation

In the initial creation of potted plants, often sent by tree vendors material, and we are in a short period of time to complete the creation and delivery, and then more or less just to some customers, and indirectly engaged in regular maintenance of customer collection potted plants, but also have the opportunity to observe the potted plants created by us, what conditions will eventually encounter, and the most common during this period is the shrinkage of the waterline.

Due to the limitation of time, the whole process of creating potted plants is only a few days, so we can only work immediately, simply speaking, thinning out the excess leaves, winding the line and then finishing the beautiful appearance of the tree. Although commercial behavior is the main force to promote popularity, it often affects the perfection of art. During this period of operation, sometimes we know that the tree condition is not good, but we still do it bravely.

We begin with the growth principle of cypress trees. Since the roots are not damaged after thinning leaves in the rapid creation, there will be no problem with excessive supply of roots afterwards. However, the waterline of true cypress trees has the characteristic of self-elimination. We decide to reserve the waterline part for the appearance of waterline. Unless the appearance is obvious, it is difficult to judge what part of the waterline is in the aging stage that will be eliminated by itself. because some of the waterlines and many leaves were removed during the creation, the transportation routes must be rearranged in the cypress afterwards, and the waterlines of trees have the natural instinct to take straight shortcuts, so after the reorganization of waterlines is completed, some unnecessary redundant areas for transportation will be formed at the edges, and then gradually eliminated by nature, so we can see that the originally expected beautiful waterlines cannot control the inward shrinkage of their shapes, leaving only two and a half inches in the end. The beautiful lines are completely transformed

The dilemma between art and commerce is sometimes a dilemma, and today we still encounter the requirement of rapid creation. We can only judge and calculate by experience to control it from changing too much in the future.

Control Technique of Waterline Retention

The waterline control technique is actually very simple, just change the idea and the creation order

after constructing the whole creation plan, the leaves cannot be thinned (note), but the part of the waterline that is not expected to be removed first, so that the whole waterline starts to reorganize first. the difference between this and the accelerated method is that the branches and roots of the trees have not decreased, and the internal supply and demand scale is still consistent with the original one. during this reorganization process, the whole transportation volume of the trees must pass through the part of the waterline that is reserved, because the waterline area is slightly insufficient during this period. Naturally there is no excess for trees to be eliminated, and after about 2-6 months you can see that the waterline has become quite fat, even if the waterline that was originally eliminated will be activated and strengthened.

When the reorganization is completed and the waterline is quite strong, thinning and creation will be carried out again. Although the amount of waterline transportation will be reduced due to thinning of leaves after creation, the strong and young waterline will only age slowly and evenly, without shrinking.

Therefore, the correct cypress creation needs at least several months of waiting time, some of the higher value of the creation of a larger potted plant, but also take several years, constantly observe the tree condition and timely carry out various modifications!

Note: The term "no thinning" here includes "no winding." The cambium of cypress will be damaged when winding or adjusting branch potential, resulting in a short period of growth pause. If there is a delay in growth, the effect of strengthening the water line will not be achieved.

The overall tree vigor determines the growth vitality of branches and leaves

Speaking of the principle of tree control, we overcome the problem of water line shrinkage, in a short period of time began to self-pity, we found that the problem is followed by, how to create a good not long potted plant, watched for a few days only to find that it is more and more dead? i just feel that it is strange that i can not say it out loud. all the branches and leaves gradually begin to droop, and it seems like they have no interest in life. it is really puzzling. i want to blame the lack of sunshine in northern taiwan, so simply live in the north and stop playing with real cypresses!

Of course, in the end, we have to find out why. We cut in from the perspective of tree life...

Can't branches and leaves be fixed without twisting?

Want to pursue perfection is asking for trouble, we always see in cypress potted plant body was wrapped with copper wire, and even many viewers began to compare each copper wire is how a different winding method, perhaps one day you will cypress basin copper wire removal, will suddenly be surprised that the shape of the whole potted plant actually serious changed appearance, but after all cypress potted plant is because of its ever-changing plasticity and make players love, then maybe it will be! But... Without copper wire, would beautiful cypress potted plants cease to exist? potted plants have existed for a long time. where did ancient china have so many copper wires? Hanging bricks, tying ropes, inserting bamboo chopsticks, ancient Chinese potted plants players play is not wrapped with copper wire potted plants! Including today like many of the pursuit of a more perfect state of potted predecessors, cypress is also not visible copper wire

(Copper wire is a simple name, because it looks like copper wire, in fact, it is a special pot industry, the appearance seems to contain a protective layer of metal wire, the real copper wire is very easy to oxidize and appear unclean, in the sulfur hot spring area will be more chemical changes with the sulfur in the air, produce different colors will destroy the appearance of trees chemical substances, and potted special metal wire, in the sea and sulfur areas are not this case)

cypress from high altitude

cypress is mostly native to high altitude ice and snow, while pine is mostly native to poor soil rock strata, in its long survival evolution process, due to its growth environment on the rough, sunlight, water and nutrients are not easy to obtain, so gradually evolved with the soil species symbiotic attachment relationship to maintain its energy acquisition pipeline, and in harsh growth environment evolved into a very good preservation of its own nutrients growth form. In order to cope with the bad wind, water shortage and ice and snow environment from time to time, so from nature and occupy the absolute majority of pine and cypress, its toughness and strong vitality, naturally become the best subject for art in potted plants, even removed from the original forest planted in a completely different growth environment basin, still can feel its strong survival ability of life glory, but pine and cypress also because of such survival evolution, and for environmental changes, A lot of unresponsiveness.

annoying cedar leaf

Because of the climate, friends in the north, your cypress pots will grow a strange kind of leaves when spring comes. They look like fir leaves, and then slowly grow normal cypress leaves from the top. This kind of leaves like fir is really ugly. When you suddenly spend money happily, send the potted plants to the craftsmen to create, change, or just do thinning and pruning maintenance, you originally thought that you could watch it for a while after coming back. but it will not be long before this cedar leaf comes out again, so when will this potted plant be able to let us enjoy it properly? We have done the most works is cypress, we have induced and speculated its causes, but also designed some ways to overcome, and we have been paying attention to and continue to do various experiments! In northern climates, cedar leaves can not recover for several years if they are badly handled, while in central and southern climates, due to sufficient sunlight, they can occasionally turn into scaly growth in a short period of time, which does not constitute a problem for pot friends.

The cause of cedar leaves

cypress is a scaly leaf in normal growth state, only the top point of the scaly leaf has photosynthesis efficiency, and the rest of the scaly parts have low photosynthesis efficiency except for small light receiving area. when the plant needs to absorb more sunlight for some reason, the scaly parts will have needle leaves. in addition to increasing the light receiving area, the top of each needle is also the most efficient photosynthesis point. however, when the cedar leaves are balanced in the future due to tree potential, 1. When one of the old buds in the thick old branches of cypress is activated by the sudden increase of nutrients inside, and then the bud starts to develop a brand new branch from scratch. At the beginning, it grows by digesting the excess nutrients originally stored. During this period, the nutrient supply is in excess of demand. Therefore, the leaves are forced to form the most photosynthetic cedar leaves to quickly balance, and when the growth of the leaves reaches the point of supply and demand equilibrium, it will begin to resume normal growth of the scaly leaves at the top. 2. When the nutrients from the cypress roots suddenly face unbalanced enhancement,(For example, in the north, from winter to spring), the surplus nutrients transported from the roots will also force the cypress to produce cedar leaves, which will rapidly increase the efficiency of photosynthesis. When the supply and demand balance between roots and leaves is reached again, it will resume the growth of scale leaves. 3. When the total leaf area of cypress is suddenly reduced due to various reasons, the nutrients originally transported from the roots will also become in an oversupply state, and cedar leaves will be forced to produce rapidly. 4. After the cypress tree has undergone soil replacement and root cutting or other operations that hurt the roots, in order to balance the sudden shortage of nutrients among the leaves, it begins to develop new roots rapidly. When the balance between roots and leaves is reached, the development speed of the roots cannot be slowed down immediately, and a period of excessive root potential is formed. At this time, the supply of nutrients is suddenly excessive, and cedar leaves are produced. (In this kind of work, which will hurt the roots, the production of cedar leaves is expected after the work, because the cedar leaves indicate that the roots have grown properly.)

Prevention of cedar leaves

cedar leaves are caused by a sudden oversupply of roots, and branches and leaves in order to quickly digest these nutrients a rapid growth, in the roots we can do some control to reduce the absorption capacity of the roots, that is, control the amount of watering, and do not apply fertilizer, and in the branches and leaves, it is to improve its ability to digest nutrients, potted plants will be replaced by full sunlight, so that its leaves have more time for photosynthesis, you can consume a lot of nutrients sent by the roots, It can reduce the urgency of cedar leaves to carry out photosynthesis.

north-south differences

cypress potted plants can be called the king of potted plants, and their special places will not be repeated. here we will talk about the north-south differences of cypress in taiwan. in the past, some cypress masters from the south to the north were quite surprised by the meticulous winding method of cypress in northern taiwan. the performance of the sunny characteristics of plant leaves. cypress potted plants in northern taiwan have some difficulties in naturally facing the sun because of climate factors. therefore, when northern craftsmen handle cypress pots, they must rely on copper wires to support their leaves. In southern Taiwan, the leaves are fixed in a natural sunny position, and in southern Taiwan, only the basic branch shape is fixed, and then with enough natural sunlight, the leaves will soon be pulled to the normal sunny position by sunlight. However, regardless of whether Taiwan is north or south, customers want immediate beauty. Another problem with cypress potted trees is that they are rumored to be heavy in fertilizer and water, but this sentence actually comes from large agricultural counties in central and southern Taiwan that produce potted trees. If the purpose is to speed up the cultivation and growth of plants, of course, you must pay attention to fertilizer and water supply. However, if your cypress trees are already in the stage of viewing, especially if you live in northern Taiwan, then you will find that your beautiful cypress potted trees After deliberate fertilization and watering, many cedar leaves will grow immediately, which not only disturbs you to enjoy the elegance of cypress pots, but also causes cedar leaves to grow continuously, and finally destroys the whole tree shape of perfect cypress pots.(In central and southern Taiwan, due to the multiple use of sandy soil and rapid evaporation of water, cypress trees have the habit of frequent fertilization and watering, but in northern Taiwan, they will produce rather serious cypress leaves, and cypress trees from high altitude areas are originally very adaptable to poor and water deficient environments.)