Division of wheat planting regions and planting conditions in different regions in China

Wheat is widely distributed in China and is planted all over the country. Due to different natural conditions in different places, obviously different planting areas are formed. As early as 1936, Chinese wheat was divided into 7 regions according to climate and wheat production, including 6 winter wheat regions and 1 spring wheat region. According to the results of 3-year regional adaptability tests of more than 100 wheat varieties in 9 sites in 8 provinces in 1937, 6 winter wheat regions were classified into 3 main regions. This is the earliest study on the differentiation of wheat in China.

In 1943, according to the winter and spring character, grain color and texture of Chinese wheat, the main wheat areas in China were divided into three planting areas: hard red skin spring wheat area, hard winter and spring wheat mixed area and soft red skin winter wheat area. In the early 1960s, wheat in China was divided into three main regions and 10 subregions: northern winter wheat region, southern winter wheat region and spring wheat region, which laid the foundation for a more complete wheat division in China. In particular, the dividing line of winter and spring wheat and the division of major wheat areas have been redetermined. Later, scientists in meteorology, variety and cultivation have put forward different divisions according to the characteristics of their respective disciplines. Based on the regionalization of Chinese Wheat cultivation, the book "Chinese Wheat varieties and their pedigree" is directly divided into 10 wheat regions, and some areas are further divided into several sub-regions.

Since the 1980s, with the rapid development of wheat production in the whole country, the data about wheat regionalization have been enriched and the understanding has been deepened. For this reason, the wheat planting regions of the whole country are divided on the basis of the original 10 wheat regions: northeast spring wheat, north spring wheat, northwest spring wheat, * * winter spring wheat, Qinghai-Tibet spring winter wheat, northern winter wheat, Huang-Huai winter wheat, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest winter wheat and South China winter wheat. The regional scope and zoning trend were revised and adjusted accordingly. According to the different natural conditions and the characteristics of wheat cultivation in different parts of China, the whole country is divided into different types of wheat planting areas to facilitate the rational arrangement of wheat production according to local conditions.

1. Northeast spring wheat area

The northeast spring wheat region includes all the provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin, most of Liaoning except the southern coastal areas and the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region. The area and total output of wheat in the region are close to about 8% of the whole country, accounting for about 47% and 50% of the area and total output of spring wheat in the country, so it is the main producing area of spring wheat, mainly in Heilongjiang Province.

The topography of the northeast spring wheat region is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with an elevation of 40m to 500m in most areas and 600m to 800m in parts of northwestern Inner Mongolia. The soil is mainly chernozem, the soil layer is deep and the soil is fertile. The area of wheat in the eastern Sanjiang Plain and the northern Heihe area of Heilongjiang Province is relatively concentrated, with a large number of state-owned farms, and its wheat output accounts for about 1x2 of the total spring wheat output of Heilongjiang Province. The whole region has a continental climate, the temperature is low, the heat is insufficient, and the temperature in winter and summer is very different. The temperature increases gradually from north to south, the coldest monthly average temperature is-23: 10 ℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is-41: 27 ℃, which is the lowest in the country. The annual precipitation is 320mm to 870mm and 130mm to 333mm during the wheat growth period, but it is rainy in the east and dry in the west. In the Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province in the east, waterlogging disasters were often caused by too many Rain Water in the later stage, which affected the harvest. On the other hand, in Baicheng, Jilin Province and Chaoyang, Liaoning Province, drought and sand damage are caused by spring drought and windy winds. The wheat varieties in this area are spring, sensitive to light, and the growth period is short, mostly in about 90 days. The main diseases were root rot, rust and scab, and cluster dwarf disease and total erosion disease also occurred. The planting system ripens once a year, sows in mid-April and matures around July 20. In addition to timely prevention and control of various diseases in the region, waterlogging and moisture prevention in the east, weed control in the north, construction of water conservancy in the west, and tillage techniques such as less deep ploughing, more deep loosening, less tillage, no-tillage and reducing evaporation are the main measures to increase wheat production. According to the distribution of temperature and precipitation, this area can be divided into three sub-regions: cold in the north, humid in the east and drought in the west.

2. Northern spring wheat area

The northern spring wheat area is located to the west of the Daxing'an Mountains, to the north of the Great Wall, to the Yikezhao League and Bayannur League of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region in the west, and to the north of the people's Republic of Mongolia. The region is mainly in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region, including Hebei and Shaanxi provinces north of the Great Wall and northern Shanxi Province. The planting area and total output of wheat in the region account for about 3% and 1% of the country, respectively, accounting for about 20% of the area of grain crops in the region. The average yield per unit area of wheat is the lowest in all wheat regions in China, and the development is very uneven; the yield level of Yikezhao League and Bayannur League in western Hetao Irrigation District is relatively high. Zhangjiakou in Hebei Province, Yanbei in Shanxi Province and Yulin in Shaanxi Province are all low-yielding areas.

The elevation of the whole region is 1000m to 1400m, and the soil is mainly chestnut soil. The continental climate is characterized by cold and little rain, poor soil and poor natural conditions. The coldest monthly mean temperature is-17: 11 ℃, and the absolute minimum temperature is-38: 27 ℃. The annual precipitation is 309-496 mm, about 300 mm in most areas, and only 94-168 mm during the wheat growth period. The planting system is based on one crop a year, and three crops in two years in some areas. The wheat varieties in this area are spring and sensitive to light, and the growth period is 90-120 days. The sowing time is from the middle of March to the middle of April, the maturity is around the first ten days of July, and the latest is the end of August. The main diseases in the region were leaf rust, stem rust and yellow dwarf disease, clump dwarf disease, and wheat straw flies and armyworm. Drought in early spring, high temperature forced ripening in the later stage, damage caused by dry and hot wind and soil salinization in Hetao irrigation area are the main problems in wheat production. In order to increase production, the planting system such as leisure rotation should be implemented to improve soil fertility, furrow and border irrigation should be advocated, canal system should be well matched, irrigation system should be improved and soil salinization should be prevented. According to the difference of precipitation in the south and north of the region, it can be divided into two sub-regions: arid in the north and semi-arid in the south.

3. Northwest spring wheat area

The northwest spring wheat region is mainly in Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous region, as well as the western part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and the eastern part of Qinghai Province. The area of wheat fields accounts for about 4% of the country, with a total output of about 5%. In the whole country, the per unit yield is second only to the winter wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and ranks first among the spring wheat areas; there are great differences among regions, among which the per unit yield of Hexi Corridor Irrigation District and Ningyin Yellow River diversion Irrigation District in Gansu Province are higher.