High-yield cultivation techniques of Potato

Potato is an annual herb of Solanaceae, also known as ground egg, potato, potato, etc., potato 30-80 cm high, glabrous or sparsely pilose. The stem is divided into two parts: the above ground stem and the underground stem. Potato is one of the five staple foods in China, with high nutritional value, strong adaptability and high yield. it is the third most important food crop in the world, second only to wheat and corn. Potato is a tuber reproduction, can be used as medicine, sexual flat taste sweet, mainly for stomachache, ribs, carbuncle swelling and other diseases. As a food, its preservation period should not be too long, and it must be kept at low temperature, dry and airtight.

Selection of improved varieties

The selection of improved varieties is an important link in the high-yield cultivation of potato. Studies have shown that the excellent varieties of sweet potato and its high-quality virus-free seed potato can contribute about 60% to the yield of potato. Virus-free seed potato has the advantages of early seedling emergence, strong plant, hypertrophy of leaves, developed root system, strong stress resistance and great potential for yield increase. Therefore, all virus-free G2 and G3 generation varieties must be selected in production.

Land selection and preparation

Potato is a crop that cannot tolerate continuous cropping. Plots that grow potatoes should choose plots that have not grown potatoes and other eggplant crops in three years. Potatoes are very sensitive to continuous cropping, so continuous cropping must be avoided in production. If potato is planted continuously on a piece of land, it will not only cause serious diseases, such as bacterial wilt, but also cause soil nutrient imbalance, especially some trace elements, resulting in poor growth, short plant, low yield and poor quality of potato. The effect of potato rotation with corn, wheat and other plants is better.

The expansion of potato tubers requires loose and fertile soil. Therefore, it is best to choose sandy loam with flat terrain, irrigation conditions, good drainage, deep plough layer and loose loam for planting potato. After the previous harvest, deep ploughing and fine raking should be carried out, and then the bed should be made. The width and height of the border depends on the topography and soil moisture. Those with high terrain and good drainage can be used as wide beds, while those with poor drainage should be made into narrow beds or high beds.

Apply sufficient base fertilizer

Potatoes form a large number of stems, leaves and tubers during the growing period, so they need more nutrients. Among the three elements of fertilizer, potassium is the most, nitrogen is the second, and phosphorus is the least. The application of sufficient base fertilizer plays an important role in increasing potato yield. The base fertilizer of potato should account for 3 / 5 or 2 / 3 of the total fertilizer consumption. Base fertilizer is mainly composed of rotten barnyard manure and human and animal manure, combined with phosphorus and potash fertilizer. Generally, there are 1000 Mu fertilizer machine, 1500 kg fertilizer machine, 25 kg calcium superphosphate, 100 kg plant ash and 150 kg plant ash. Base fertilizer should be combined with border or hole digging in the soil layer below 10 cm to facilitate plant absorption and loosening of tuber layer. When sowing, 30 kilograms of rotten human and animal feces or 8 kilograms of nitrogen fertilizer are used as seed fertilizer per mu to make seedlings emerge quickly and neatly and promote seedlings to grow healthily.

Seed potato treatment

1. Select seed potatoes

On the basis of the selection of improved varieties, the potato is selected with regular shape, with the typical characteristics of this variety, smooth potato skin, bright color, and two healthy seed potatoes with a weight of 1 Mel 2. When selecting seed potatoes, the tubers with cracked epidermis, deformities, tips, necrosis of bud eyes, diseased spots or black rot on the navel should be strictly removed.

2. Slicing and small whole potato planting

Seed potato cutting and planting can promote oxygen exchange inside and outside the tuber, break dormancy, early germination and seedling emergence. However, when cutting, it is easy to spread the disease through the knife, resulting in rotten seeds, lack of seedlings or increase the incidence of disease in the field, and accelerate the degradation of varieties. The cut piece is too large, and the amount of seed used is too large. Generally, it is advisable to cut it into 20ml / 30g. When cutting pieces, cut longitudinally so that each piece has a bud eye with a top advantage. When slicing, diseased potatoes should be removed, and the utensils for slicing should be strictly disinfected to prevent the spread of disease.

Small whole potato seed can avoid cutting knife to spread disease, and small whole potato has strong vitality and drought resistance, seedlings emerge early and neatly after sowing, and the number of buds per hole, main stem and tuber increase. Therefore, using about 25 grams of strong sweet potato as seed has a significant effect on disease prevention and yield increase. But the growth period of sweet potato is generally short, the maturity is low, the dormancy period is long, and there is often premature senility in the later stage. In cultivation, it is necessary to master the appropriate density, do a good job of sprouting treatment, increase the application of potassium fertilizer, and cooperate with the corresponding nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, in order to give full play to the production potential of sweet potato seed production.

3. Accelerating budding

Sprouting is an important measure to prevent disease and high yield in potato cultivation. Sprouting before sowing can promote precocious maturity and increase yield. At the same time, in the process of accelerating germination, diseased rotten potatoes can be eliminated, and the rate of diseased plants or lack of seedlings and broken strips in the field after sowing can be reduced, which is beneficial to the whole seedling. The method of sprouting: the seed potato was placed alternately with sand in layers, with a thickness of about 3 ℃ and 4 layers, and kept at the optimum temperature of about 20 min and under the condition of frequent wetness. The seed potato could germinate after about 10 days. When sprouting, soaking seeds with 0.5-1ppm gibberellin solution or 0.1 Mel 0.2% potassium permanganate solution for 15 minutes or with 2% thiourea for 20 minutes can improve the germination effect.