Symptoms and control measures of cyclamen wilt

Cyclamen

Cyclamen, which can be regarded as the city flower of Qingzhou City, Shandong Province, must have a different image and connotation from other flowers. At present, this flower has become a kind of flower commonly planted, but many flower lovers are often startled by the sudden attack of Fusarium wilt in the course of cultivating cyclamen, causing them to be in a hurry, so what should they do when they encounter this flower disease? The following is a detailed analysis of the causes and control measures of cyclamen wilt.

First, symptom manifestation

The disease was caused by Fusarium oxysporum. At the initial stage of infection, some leaves of the plants turned yellow, but wilted in sunny days, recovered at night, and wilted again in the daytime until death. The petiole is edematous and sometimes the epidermis is longitudinally split. In the case of high air humidity, the disease spot director out of cotton-like white colonies, sometimes with light red. Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease, and the affected parts turn brown and necrotic from the bottom up. The corm of the diseased plant was cut transversely, and the vascular bundles turned brown and the corm generally did not rot.

II. Ways of transmission

Fusarium wilt overwinters as mycelia or protochlamydospores in the soil or attached to seeds. Pathogens generally invade from young roots or wounds, enter vascular bundles, block ducts, produce toxic substances, and cause corm leaves to turn yellow and die. The disease is serious under the condition of high temperature and humidity, and the germs are spread through water flow.

III. Conditions for onset of disease

In the greenhouse where cyclamen has been cultivated for many years, due to the bacteria in the soil, the pathogen entered the root from the bottom hole of the basin with watering. Plants with weak growth and root wounds are more likely to be infected. The disease occurred annually in protected cultivation, and the peak of the disease was in July and August.

Cyclamen

IV. Prevention and control measures

After the occurrence of Fusarium wilt, most drugs have no obvious therapeutic effect, so prevention and comprehensive treatment should be given priority to in production.

1. Facility disinfection

When cyclamen is all sold, it will be sterilized thoroughly and disinfected after removing withered leaves, residual flowers, weeds and other wastes. The growing season can be carried out in front of the cyclamen bud: in front of the leaves, fumigating the shed with chlorothalonil aerosol for 3 times, the first and the third four or five days apart, the second and the third seven to 10 days apart. Each solar greenhouse with an area of 1 mu uses three or four boxes. Ignite the aerosol after 5: 00 p. M. and seal the greenhouse for more than 4 hours.

two。 Seed disinfection

Soak the seeds with 1000 times potassium permanganate for 12 hours, remove the solution with water and sow the seeds.

3. Matrix disinfection

Conventional matrix disinfection in the basin before a week, per cubic meter of land carbendazim 500g mixed soil, or spray 1000 times potassium permanganate. Can also be used to quickly extinguish the soil a month before the basin, 20 to 30 grams per square meter. After disinfection, pay attention to protect the matrix to prevent secondary pollution. Fully turn the sterilized matrix 7 days before use to make it breathable and volatilize the residual drugs.

4. Ground disinfection

First of all, scrape the ground thoroughly, then spray 1000 times potassium permanganate, or mix an appropriate amount of clean river sand with 3000 grams of carbendazim per mu, spread evenly on the ground h. Use 30 to 60 grams per square meter, add an appropriate amount of clean river sand, turn 20 cm deep, and cover with plastic film. Soil temperature 10 ℃ fumigation 27 days, 15 ℃ fumigation 20 days, 20 ℃ fumigation 16 days, 25 ℃ fumigation 13 days.

5. Disinfection of potted ware

Soak the used pots with 1000 times potassium permanganate for 2 hours, and the new pots are available if possible.

6. Off-site cultivation in flowerpot

If there are conditions, you should set up an elevated special flower bed or use a flowerpot rack to let the flowerpot leave the ground.

7. Chemical control

It was found that the susceptible plants were either removed and destroyed, or 500 grams of 70% methyl topiramate was used, plus 5 kg of clean river sand, mixed with uncontaminated honeycomb coal sieving furnace slag, and then sprinkled on the basin soil of diseased plants once every 3 days for 3 times in a row. The root was irrigated alternately with 80% thiophanate methyl 1000-fold solution, 80% carbendazim 800-fold solution, 80% carbendazim 800-fold solution, and 2000-fold solution of carbendazim, with a dose of 100ml per plant, once every 7 to 10 days.

If you do not look at the above introduction, I believe that not professional flower farmers will never disinfect the seeds! In fact, wilt is a disease that many flowers are prone to suffer from, but as long as it is remedied in time, it can still be gorgeous.

What are cyclamen diseases? how to control cyclamen diseases?

In the process of cyclamen growth, cyclamen will have some diseases and insect pests that often occur. The following editor will share with you what cyclamen diseases are and how to control cyclamen diseases.

1. Bacterial leaf rot

The disease can occur in petiole, bud and corm of cyclamen. At first, the petiole has a watery spot, and then the spot expands into a black patch, which in turn causes decay. The rotten part develops from the vein of the leaf to the end of the leaf, so that all the leaves rot, the leaves yellowed and withered. The disease extends to young flower buds and leaf buds, and extends to the bulb along the transport tissue, causing it to rot and wither, and the aboveground wilt. Cyclamen seedlings can be susceptible to the disease, and the Hypocotyl can produce water-like spots when the first leaf is unfolded, causing the seedlings to die. The disease and death of one seedling can infect other healthy plants. Hands, water and flowerpots that have come into contact with diseased plants can be the source of infection, and seed carrier is also the main route of infection.

Prevention and control methods: eliminate the natural source of infection, prevent seed transmission, and strengthen seed quarantine. Soak in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 3 hours before sowing, then rinse with water for 1 day and night; remove diseased leaves or plants at any time and burn them centrally, spray and keep the environment clean at the same time, keep the environment dry as far as possible during maintenance operation, do not re-pollute healthy plants with hands that have treated diseased plants. The wound after picking leaves or flowers can be smeared with oxytetracycline 2000 times or streptomycin 3000 to 4000 times to play a preventive role.

2. Bacterial soft rot

The disease mostly occurred in the high-temperature and humid period from July to August. On the sunny day after the rainy day, the aboveground wilted and died sharply, the corm softened and rotted, the base of the bud and petiole also rotted at the same time, the rotten part gave off a foul smell, and there was mucous exudate in the upper part of the corm. Soft rot is a soil-borne disease, and incomplete disinfection with soil can easily lead to this disease.

Prevention and control methods: pot soil should be thoroughly disinfected, 400 to 500 milliliters of formalin diluent 50 times of water should be evenly sprinkled in each cubic meter of culture soil, then the soil should be piled up and covered with plastic film, and the cover should be removed and spread out after being sealed for 48 hours. It can be used after the formalin gas has evaporated completely. Wear masks and gloves during disinfection to prevent contact with the skin in the inhalation entrance. Another method is heating and disinfection, and the culture soil configured by the family is put into an iron pot and burned on fire for 20 minutes. Drug control can choose 1000 times streptomycin solution or 150 to 200 times Bordeaux solution to regularly spray the rhizosphere soil of key diseased plants and surrounding healthy plants, about once every half a month, 2 to 3 times continuously, the spread of the disease can be controlled.

3. Anthrax

Anthrax can occur at any time of the year. At the beginning of the disease, small water-immersed spots appeared in the leaves, and then the spots gradually expanded to form concentric round rotiform lesions. July to October is the peak period of cyclamen leaf bud and flower bud differentiation, when young flower buds can also appear water-like spots, spots extend up and down to form spindle-shaped disease spots, which can cause flower death.

Prevention and control methods: anthrax likes high temperature, it is too late to control when the buds die, so it is necessary to prevent and cure early and eliminate the source of infection is the primary measure. The disease is mainly transmitted by seeds, seeds should be thoroughly sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate, and seeds should never be collected on diseased plants. Reasonable watering, spray 160x Bordeaux solution before the disease, once every semimonthly, spray 2 to 3 times continuously, spray 70% methyl thiophanate wettability agent or mancozeb 800-1000 times liquid at the initial stage of the disease.

4. Grey mold

The vitality of Botrytis cinerea is very strong, and the disease occurs more frequently in the flowering period from the rainy season to October. In the rainy days from June to July, if the plant is weak and overgrown, there are wounds in the aged leaves, the pathogen will invade, and usually the petiole of the old leaf will occur first. If the greenhouse is airtight after October, the high temperature can also cause the disease. At the beginning of the disease, black mold appeared when the old petiole on the outside of the plant rotted, and then the adjacent petiole and pedicel also fell ill one after another, which quickly infected the whole plant, resulting in corm rot and death of the whole plant.

Prevention and treatment: the disease is easy to occur under wet conditions, so preventing dampness is the main countermeasure. Do not water too much, open windows for ventilation, make the air circulate, and keep the room clean to reduce the density of germs. Chemical control is mainly in late May before the arrival of the rainy season and in late September before entering the greenhouse. The mixture of carbendan and carbendazim is sprayed regularly in the early morning.

5. Wilt disease

Fusarium wilt mostly occurred in summer and autumn, some leaves lost vitality, withered and yellowed at the beginning of the disease, and then the yellowed leaves gradually increased, and all the plants withered in sunny days after rain. this situation can return to normal at night and wilt again during the day until the plant dies.

Prevention and control methods: the disease is mainly spread by soil, so the use of soil and flowerpots should be thoroughly disinfected to eradicate its source of infection. At the same time, it should be watered reasonably, because the flowerpot is too large, and the pot soil is too dry or too wet, which can easily lead to wilt disease. When diseased plants are found, they should be burned or buried deeply, and the flowerpots should be disinfected again. The drug control is mainly controlled by root irrigation with 2000 times solution of carbendazim and sprayed with carbendan solution in the long growth period.

6. Leaf spot

Leaf spot disease usually occurs between 7 and 10, with brown spots on the leaves.

Prevention and treatment methods: diseased leaves were removed in time when diseased plants were found, and sprayed with 80-1000 times solution of desenamine or 150-200 times of Bordeaux solution.

7. Bacterial bud rot

Budding rot bacteria like low temperature, and most of them occur in the cold period from November to March. Cyclamen is more likely to get sick after being frozen, and its disease is also caused by rot of leaves, buds and bulbs.

Prevention and control methods: the seeds should be thoroughly disinfected and regularly sprayed with 150 to 200 times Bordeaux solution.

8. Root knot nematode disease

The root-knot nematode invaded the root of the seedling and grew many nodules on the main root and lateral root. The nematode sucked sap in the tumor, and the susceptible plant showed malnutrition, dwarfing, small and wrinkled leaves, clump, and then gradually withered and necrotic root system.

Prevention and control methods: disinfect the soil before planting, stir-fry the soil in an iron pot for 20 minutes, take it out when the soil becomes dry and white, and use it after cooling. At the same time, 0.75 grams of phosphorus is used in each pot. After the disease, the rhizosphere soil of cyclamen was irrigated with 1000 times of dichlorvos.

Extended reading:

Cyclamen culture methods, fertilization techniques, pest control, flowers and legends

Maintenance methods of cyclamen

Cyclamen is generally released from dormancy from the end of August to the beginning of September, when it should be maintained in a cool and ventilated place, and gradually increase the light, watering times and water quantity with the growth of leaves. In the early budding stage of cyclamen, when the pedicel elongated by 1 cm, the gibberellin solution of 1ppm-5ppm was sprayed at the young buds to promote early flowering, and the gibberellin concentration should not be too high, otherwise the pedicel would grow and droop and the abnormal flowers would increase. Cyclamen florescence is generally from October to May of the following year, during flowering, maintain room temperature 12 degrees Celsius-15 degrees Celsius, relative humidity 60% Mo 75%, can prolong the flowering period, a flower can bloom for more than 20 days, a pot of flowers can bloom for 4-6 months. If the room temperature is higher than 18 degrees Celsius, the high stem will grow, the flowers will droop and the florescence will be shortened; if the room temperature is lower than 10 degrees Celsius, the growth will slow down and the flowers will be smaller. Watering should be properly controlled during flowering to keep the basin soil moist. If you water too much, the flowers will fade early. Do not sprinkle water on flower buds and tender leaves when watering, so as not to cause rot. Fertilization should be stopped during flowering, otherwise it will lead to early withering of flowers, and attention should be paid to turning the pot position frequently to make leaves and flowers receive light evenly and ensure that the plant shape is correct and beautiful. The quality of cyclamen varieties directly affects its ornamental value and the degree of difficulty of maintenance, so imported F1 cyclamen with concentrated bouquets, thick petals, good texture, compact leaves and glossy leaves should be selected. Cyclamen on the market has two major strains of Japan and Europe and the United States. The flowers and colors of the Japanese strain are particularly bright, while the plant type of the European and American strain is large and the leaves are compact. Moisture: watering should be properly controlled, too much water will cause rotten roots, but wait for flowers and leaves to wilt slightly before watering, watering can be soaked at the bottom of the basin, do not sprinkle too much water on the leaves. Lighting: cyclamen should be placed in windows, balconies and other places with sufficient light, and often change the position of flowerpots. Plenty of light can make the flowers more beautiful and the leaves more shiny. Although cyclamen belongs to the shade-tolerant Primulaceae, it is easy to yellowing leaves due to lack of light for a long time. Ventilation: cyclamen likes ventilation, smoke and dirty air will make the petals dry and wither, but they can not be placed directly in the tuyere. Temperature: room temperature above 5 ℃ can make cyclamen grow normally. When the room temperature is low, cyclamen can keep the florescence for a long time, but the flowering is slow; when the room temperature is high, the flowering is fast, but the flowering period is short. Humidity: humidity should be kept at 60%, 70%. Too little humidity will make flowers smaller, too much humidity will cause petals, leaves to appear gray mold and other fungal venereal diseases. It is strictly forbidden to spray water on the petals, otherwise they will rot. Fertilizer: fertilize twice a month, import or domestic compound fertilizer can be used, 5-8 grains are applied each time and placed at the depth of 2 cm in the substrate. Cyclamen's family maintenance and purchase of seed balls should be from August to September. Bulbs with a diameter of more than 4 cm and full central leaf buds and flower buds should be selected. If you buy potted flowers, you can buy them from November to February. Potted flowers with strong plants, green and thick leaves, clear patterns, no wrinkles, no crimping, more than 10 unfolded leaves and more flower buds at the tip of the corm (the bud tip is round papillae) should be selected. Basic habits like a warm, cool and humid environment. The suitable temperature is 10-20C, the growth is slow below 5C, freezing damage will occur at 0C, and the growth stops above 30C, and it is in a dormant state. The light likes the light, below 28C should bask in the sun as much as possible. Keep the water on the basin but not too wet to prevent the roots from rotting. The soil prefers loose neutral soil with a pH value of 6 and 7. Do not have too much fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer. But the cyclamen special fertilizer sold on the market shall be used according to the instructions. It can also be used in combination with compound fertilizer particles with nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium = 20:20:20 and potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer. Main points of cultivation: the flowering period of cyclamen from November to March. Potted flowers should be placed in front of the south window or 1 meter in front of the south closed balcony where the light can be seen. Keep the basin soil moist at room temperature above 10 ℃ and water 1% once a month. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer can blossom continuously. In a room without heating facilities, you should pay attention to prevent low temperature and cold wind. You can cover it with a transparent plastic bag in a basin and put it in a warm and bright place. When the temperature is high, you should open the plastic bag to get some air. It can blossom from February to March. The flowering period from April to May is coming to an end, so it is necessary to cut off the residual flowers as soon as possible and gradually put them in the outdoor sun. Water 1% once a week. With the compound fertilizer solution, the new leaves will grow quickly, the old leaves will fall off, and the corms will grow larger. If aphids occur, you can use brushes or cotton swabs dipped in water brushes to eliminate; if leaves are found to shrink and turn yellow, carbofuran 1g can be buried along the edge of the basin to eliminate root-knot nematodes. Water and fertilizer management in June is the same as in May. Keep it in the shade when the temperature is high. Some potted flowers fall their leaves and enter dormancy after flowering until September. At this time should be placed in a cool and ventilated place, keep the basin soil slightly wet, do not fertilize. From July to August, the north enters the high temperature season, so water and fertilizer should be controlled and stopped. Undormant plants should be placed on the east or north balcony, bask in the sun for more than an hour every morning, or in the shade of trees. At this time, new leaf buds and flower buds grow at the top of the bulb. In case of rot (Botrytis cinerea), 1000 times of chlorothalonil wettable powder can be sprayed and irrigated. Dormant bulbs begin to sprout in September. The old plants of more than two years can be changed, and the newly purchased bulbs can also be planted at this time. When planting, first pad 2cm thick charcoal slag or ceramsite, coarse gravel at the bottom of the basin, and then add culture soil. The old plant should be planted with soil. After planting, the potted surface should be high in the center and low around it. The bulb should be exposed to the soil at 1 / 2. Water should be thoroughly watered the next day and maintained in a shady place. The light can be increased after the new buds grow. Entering the vigorous growth period in October, it should be maintained in the sun. Use 1% a week. The compound fertilizer solution was poured once, and 1% o potassium dihydrogen phosphate foliar fertilizer was sprayed once. Frosts Descent entered the house before and can blossom in November. Reproduction is usually reproduced by sowing. Disinfect the soil before sowing, avoid light after sowing to seedling emergence, seedling emergence takes more than a month, seedling growth is slow, and it takes more than a year to blossom. It is best to buy potted flowers sold by reputable florists directly, which can save a lot of trouble when planting. Objective evaluation of the advantages: beautiful flowers; long florescence. Disadvantages: fear of heat; basin soil should not be too wet (dry is better); do not like fat.

Symptoms of several major diseases (i) soft rot is a bacterial disease. The disease occurs mostly in June to September, when summer is hot and humid. On sunny days after rainy days, the aboveground parts wither rapidly, the buds and petioles are initially water-stained, and then brown and soft rot, the corms are softened and rotted, the rotten parts emit foul smell, and there are gray-white mushy bacteria overflow. (ii) Bacterial leaf rot is a bacterial disease. The disease can occur in leaves, petioles, buds and tubers of plants. The disease begins with water-soaked spots at the base of the leaves, then expands to blackish brown rot and spreads to the whole leaf rot. The petiole was infected with the disease, which initially produced water-stained spots, then expanded into black patches, and then caused corruption, leaf yellowing and death, vascular bundles of the diseased petiole browned, and spread to tubers, resulting in blackening of young buds and formation of bud blight. On tubers, bud point vascular bundles turn brown and develop further, resulting in internal rot or hollow-like cracking of the rot and drying. (3) Fusarium wilt is a fungal disease. This disease occurs mostly in the latter half of cyclamen fertility in summer and autumn. At the beginning, some leaves lost their vitality, withered and yellowed, and then the yellowed leaves gradually increased. After rainy days, all plants withered on sunny days. The vascular bundle of petiole or corm of diseased plant turns brown. When the humidity is high, pink mold layer is produced in the diseased part. (iv) Anthracnose is a fungal disease. The disease mainly damages cyclamen leaves. At the beginning of the disease, small water-stained spots appeared on the leaves, and then expanded into concentric ring-like round spots. The middle of the spots became pale brown or gray, and the edges became purple-brown or dark brown. There are many small black spots in the lesion. When the damage is serious, the leaves can die. (v) Botrytis fungal diseases. It mainly damages leaves, petioles and flower stalks. At the early stage of leaf disease, water-stained stripes appeared at the edge of leaves, dark green in color, and gradually spread to the whole leaves, the leaves turned brown, and finally dried orange or rotted. Petiole or pedicel infected, produce water-like rot, and then bent down. If the environmental humidity is large, the disease will grow gray mold layer. (6) Meloidogyne disease is caused by a variety of root-knot nematodes including Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne arachidis. Cyclamen corm infected, the formation of large nodules, roots infected, the formation of a number of different sizes of nodules. Nodules are pale yellow at the beginning, with smooth epidermis, and then turn brown and rough epidermis. White granular matter can be seen in the secondary nodules, that is, nematodes. The aboveground part is characterized by short plants, yellow leaves, and severe leaf death. (7) Virus disease The pathogen of cyclamen virus disease is cucumber mosaic virus. The disease can occur from seedling stage to flowering stage, and the leaves of the plants are wrinkled and mottled. Leaf margin curled downward or upward; leaf blade small, thick, brittle, and easily broken. The petiole is short and clustered. Sometimes visible veins have prismatic protrusions or leaf surface produced tumor. Striations or spots form on the petals, and flowers are deformed so as to degenerate. The diseased plant is short and its quality gradually deteriorates. The virus is mainly transmitted by sap friction and insect vectors such as aphids and mites. II. Comprehensive control measures (a) Disinfection of seeds and sowing soil can kill pathogenic bacteria and protect seedlings from disease during germination; if the soil is not disinfected, more than 90% of cyclamen plants will be infected with root-knot nematode disease after 12 months of cyclamen growth. Therefore, seed and soil disinfection is an important link in cyclamen cultivation. 1. Seed disinfection. Seed disinfection can be soaked in 10% trisodium phosphate for 20 minutes, or soaked in carbendazim or 0.1% copper sulfate solution for half an hour, washed with water and dried, ready for sowing. 2. Disinfection of materials such as sowing soil and pot soil. Chloropicrin fumigation can be used when dealing with a large number of materials such as sowing soil and pot soil. The method is: the soil or pot soil materials are piled into rectangular piles, holes are drilled on the mound at intervals of 30cm, and the chloropicrin is injected at a dose of 60 - 160g per cubic meter of substrate, and then two layers are quickly covered with plastic film, fumigation for 15 days, and the fumigation temperature is 15℃-30 ℃. The effect is better. Then take off the cover, air to the smell of medicine can be used; a small amount of treatment can also be used to treat the soil potassium permanganate, 1:1500 times potassium permanganate solution spray, accumulation treatment for 48 hours; the accumulation of soil not more than 8cm, sunlight exposure, also has a certain disinfection effect. (2) Strengthening cultivation management 1. Pay attention to temperature and humidity regulation. The suitable temperature for cyclamen growth is about 20℃ during the day and about 10℃ at night. If the temperature is too high, the plant will grow excessively and be susceptible to disease; if it is too low, the flowering period will be postponed. Humidity is too high, easy to cause corm rot, especially corm long-term immersion in the state, easy to occur soft rot. 2. Remove sick and disabled bodies in time, remove diseased leaves and flowers, and disinfect wounds. Deeply bury or burn the sick and disabled body to reduce the source of infection; when removing the diseased flowers and leaves, pinch the middle and lower part of the pedicel with your thumb and forefinger, twist it left and right, soften and loosen the base of the pedicel, separate from the mother, and avoid pulling hard. After removal, in order to prevent the invasion of germs, 1000 times of carbendazim liquid can be applied to the wound of the plant. (3) Chemical control. Spraying chemicals or irrigating roots at the early stage of the disease can greatly improve the control effect. 1. Bacterial diseases. When bacterial diseases such as soft rot or bacterial leaf rot occur in the growth period, 1000 times streptomycin, xiaojunling spray or root irrigation can be selected, or 150-200 times bordeaux mixture spray can be used. 2. Fungal diseases. For wilt, root irrigation with benomyl 2000 times or spray with captan 800 times; for anthracnose, spray with carbendazim 800 times or anthrax 1000 times; for gray mold, spray with captan 800 times or benomyl 2000 times or carbendazim 800 times. 3. Virus disease. When virus disease occurs in plants, spraying must be used to control aphids and mites, which are vectors of virus transmission, in order to reduce the chance of infection of other healthy plants. Imidacloprid insecticides can be used to control aphids; abamectin insecticides can be used to control mites, and the effect is better. 4. Root knot nematode disease. When root-knot nematode disease occurs, chloropicrin and methyl bromide can be fumigated. When nematodes occur in potted cyclamen plants, the pots are moistened with water and a layer of fine sand about 2 cm thick is sprinkled on the surface of the culture soil. The nematodes in the wet soil drill into the sand to breathe oxygen, scrape off the fine sand, repeat twice, and they can be cured. If supplemented with 3% formaldehyde spray once, it can be completely removed.