Read well the "three-character Classic" in greenhouse Tomato cultivation

Since the 1990s, with the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, the area of facility agriculture represented by facility vegetables has been expanding. The status and role of protected vegetables in the development of agricultural and rural economy in China is becoming more and more prominent. Among them, greenhouse tomato is popular in the market and its price is stable, which plays an important role in increasing farmers' income. At present, tomato planting in greenhouse mostly adopts the pattern of two crops a year, which can be divided into autumn and winter and winter and spring. Due to the difference of climate, the growth law, nutrient requirement law and field management of tomato in the two crops are different. How to cultivate greenhouse tomatoes in winter and spring? Experts suggest that farmers should strengthen the management of soil, fertilizer and water and read well the "three-character classics" of soil, fertilizer and water.

? Read the Classics of vernacular well

Strengthening soil management is the basis of scientific balanced fertilization and water management. Farmers' soil management can follow two major principles.

First, it is reasonable to supplement organic fertilizer to maintain soil health. Due to the short interval between winter and spring stubble, soil management measures such as leisure and greenhouse can not be carried out. Generally speaking, fertilization, ploughing, ridging, laying drip irrigation pipes and transplanting should be carried out as soon as possible after pulling seedlings in the last season. Before ploughing, reasonable supplement of high-quality organic fertilizer has obvious effect on soil fertility. Generally, high-quality bio-organic fertilizer 300kg / mu and soybean meal 100kg / mu are applied.

The second is ridging cultivation, which is conducive to ventilation and water permeability, and cultivate strong roots. The organic fertilizer is evenly mixed with the soil by rotary tillage, and the suitable depth of rotary tillage is 20 cm. Ridging after rotary tillage, the ridge is 60 cm wide, 20 cm high and the distance between the two ridges is 80 cm. The planting mode of one ridge and two rows was adopted, and two drip irrigation pipes were laid on each ridge.

? Read the Sutra of Shui Zi well

After planting, tomato can be covered with plastic film, 30 square meters / mu can be watered by drip irrigation, slow seedling water can be watered for the second time after 5-7 days, and the amount of water is 2025 square meters / mu. Before tomato topping (seedling stage and flowering and fruit-setting stage), drip irrigation was applied every 7-10 days, and the amount of water per mu was 20 square meters. A tensiometer can be installed at the soil depth of 20 cm directly below the emitter to indicate the soil water content. When the tensiometer reading is-25 KPA, drip irrigation can be started, and the amount of irrigation each time is 1520 square meters / mu. After tomato topping, with the increase of temperature, the water consumption of tomato increases, and the irrigation interval decreases to 5: 7 days, each irrigation volume is 20: 25 square meters / mu, and the irrigation interval can also be determined by tensiometer reading.

The fertilization system of drip irrigation should be adjusted in time, when there are continuous cloudy days, evaporation will be reduced, irrigation should be postponed or advanced, and the amount of irrigation should be reduced at the same time; when there are high temperature, low humidity and large evaporation, it is necessary to increase the amount of irrigation and irrigation in advance, increase irrigation frequency or irrigation quota.

Read the Fat character Sutra well.

Greenhouse tomato has the advantages of fast growth, many fruits, like fertilizer, weak fertilizer tolerance of root system, and strict requirements for soil nutrition conditions. It is determined that for every 1000 kg tomato production, it is necessary to absorb 3.2kg N, 0.9kg P2O5 and 5.4kg K (K2O) from soil, the ratio of which is 1 ∶ 0.3 ∶ 1.7. The tomato needs the most potassium during the whole growth period, followed by nitrogen, followed by phosphorus. In addition, tomato has more demand for calcium, which is equal to nitrogen.

Before rotary tillage, 100 kg of calcium superphosphate can be applied per mu to supplement calcitonin nutrition and meet the phosphorus demand of crops. After planting, a small amount of rooting amino acids and humic acid water-soluble fertilizer can be applied through drip irrigation, but it must be filtered well to prevent the dripping hole from being blocked. Starting from the fourth drip irrigation, fertilizing the tomato before topping for 4 times, the recommended formula is 20-5-20, the application rate is 13.3 kg / mu. After topping, the tomato was treated with high potassium formula (12-5-35) water-soluble fertilizer, each application rate was 10 kg / mu, applied 5 times for 6 times.

In the middle and later stage of tomato growth, some trace elements can be supplemented by foliar spraying. Tomato needs more calcium, and calcium deficiency can easily lead to navel rot and fruit cracking, which affects the yield. Foliar spraying 0.3% 0.5% calcium nitrate solution or 800% 1000-fold sugar alcohol calcium solution can be adopted to supplement calcium and trace elements such as boron and zinc, which is conducive to fruit expansion and increase yield.

Matters needing attention

Farmers should pay attention to six aspects when managing fertilizer and water of greenhouse tomato soil in winter and spring.

First, farmers with drip irrigation facilities adopt ridge cultivation as far as possible, which can increase soil temperature, aerate and permeate water, be beneficial to tomato root growth, and achieve the goal of strong roots and prosperous seedlings.

The second is to apply organic fertilizer with high carbon and nitrogen as far as possible, reduce the application of pure chicken manure, pig manure and other livestock and poultry manure, and increase the input of microbial fertilizer.

Third, fertilization to achieve a small number of times, a watering a fertilization, do not pour empty water during the fruit-sitting period. Fertilizer application should pay attention to the principles of phosphorus in the early stage (long root), nitrogen in the middle stage (long plant) and potassium in the later stage (long fruit).

Fourth, irrigation should try not to drain the root growth range of 30 cm, through root digging to see whether to meet the irrigation requirements, the amount of irrigation is generally about 20 square meters / mu.

Fifth, it is necessary to achieve the principle of synchronization of water and fertilizer (integration of water and fertilizer), apply water-soluble fertilizers of better quality, and filter irrigation well to prevent drip hole blockage from affecting the use of irrigation equipment.

Sixth, it is necessary to grasp the principle of watering first-then fertilizing-- and then watering during irrigation, which is beneficial for the fertilizer to be fully transported to the root layer of tomato. At the same time, the blockage of emitter caused by salt accumulation in drip irrigation pipe is prevented.