Water-saving, fertilizer-saving and high-yield techniques of wheat in winter

? 1. Key points of water-saving and high-yield cultivation techniques of winter wheat:

(1) pay attention to soil types. The suitable soil types of this technique are sandy loam, light loam and medium loam, which are not suitable to be used in the fields of sandy soil (low water storage) and clay (although large water storage, but high wilting water content, high evaporation water consumption and high root growth resistance). The soil fertility level is required to be medium and high.

(2) choose suitable varieties. It is suitable for the varieties with high and high plant, short upper leaves, compact panicle type, neat panicle layer, large ear capacity, stable grain number per spike and early and fast grain filling.

(3) irrigate enough soil moisture, do not snatch it. Adjusting soil water storage by irrigating sufficient soil moisture can postpone the irrigation time in spring, and sufficient soil moisture is beneficial to sowing the whole seedling. The method is to irrigate 50 cubic meters per mu in normal precipitation years, so that the soil water storage capacity of 0,200 cm before wheat sowing reaches 90% of the field capacity.

(4) rational allocation of fertilizer and all basal application. According to the principle of limiting nitrogen, stabilizing phosphorus, replenishing potassium and zinc, and combining organic and inorganic, all fertilizers are applied on the basis of fertilizer to simplify the operation. Generally, under the condition of medium-and high-grade fertility, the yield target of 500,600 kilograms per mu should be achieved, and 1.5-2.0 cubic meters of organic fertilizer, 15,20 kilograms of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, 1kg of potassium sulfate and 1kg of zinc sulfate should be applied per mu.

(5) appropriate late sowing to increase the sowing quantity. In the case of late sowing and increasing sowing amount, the number of tillers per plant can be reduced, the ineffective water consumption in the early stage can be reduced, the number of seed roots per panicle can be increased, and water saving and high yield can be realized. The suitable sowing date is October 5-20, and the optimum sowing date is October 10-15. The suitable basic seedlings will be 280000 per mu from October 5. If the sowing date is delayed by one day, the seedlings should be increased by 15000, and the suitable leaf age is 3-4.5 in the overwintering period.

(6) fine soil preparation and uniform sowing. It is required to select seeds, plough the soil 15cm to 20cm, the soil surface is fine and flat, the sowing depth is the same, and the grain drop is uniform.

(7) soil moisture conservation, damage prevention and health protection. After sowing, the ditches are suppressed, the ridges and platforms are not suppressed, and the surface loess is covered. And do a good job of seed dressing and soil disinfection to control soil pests and ensure that the whole seedling is strong.

(8) late watering of spring water and appropriate amount of spring water. The function is to promote root and control leaves by late watering, which is conducive to the construction of wheat population structure with deep roots, high light efficiency and low water consumption, increase panicle capacity and ensure water supply at filling stage. The best period of watering once in spring is from jointing to booting, and the best time of watering twice in spring is the jointing stage of the first water and the flowering stage of the second water.

? 2. Cultivation techniques for High quality and High yield of Winter Wheat with nitrogen Fertilizer transfer

In traditional wheat cultivation, some apply nitrogen fertilizer at the bottom at one time, no longer topdressing; some base fertilizer accounts for 60%-70%, topdressing accounts for 30%-40%, and the time for topdressing is generally from the green stage to the starting stage; and some add a topdressing when watering the wheat before overwintering. The above fertilization ratio and time make the heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer in the early growth stage of wheat, in the high-yield field, the population of wheat in the early growth stage is too large, the invalid tiller increases, the field is covered in the middle stage, the lodging risk increases, and it is easy to senescence in the later stage, which affects the yield and quality. Nitrogen use efficiency is low. Nitrogen fertilizer backward technology reduces the proportion of base fertilizer to 50%, increases the proportion of topdressing to 50%, and the proportion of bottom fertilizer and topdressing in wheat fields with high soil fertility is 30% and 50%, respectively. At the same time, the time of topdressing in spring is moved to the jointing stage, and the plots with high soil fertility can be moved to the jointing stage to the tip of flag leaves.

Increase production and efficiency: increase yield by 10% to 15% compared with traditional fertilization; increase wheat grain protein and wet gluten content, prolong dough formation time and dough stability time, and significantly improve nutritional quality and processing quality of high-quality strong gluten wheat; increase nitrogen use efficiency by more than 10%, reduce nitrogen pollution to the environment; high-yield and efficient irrigation techniques matched with this technology can also increase water use efficiency by more than 10%.

? Technical points:

The main results are as follows: (1) the backward movement of nitrogen fertilizer means that the proportion of bottom fertilizer decreases, the proportion of topdressing fertilizer increases and the period of the first fertilizer and water application in spring moves back, and the large panicle type varieties with low tiller panicle rate move from the green stage or rising stage of conventional high yield cultivation to the early jointing stage. the middle panicle type varieties with high tillering rate moved back to the middle jointing stage.

(2) to establish the reasonable population structure and yield structure of two types of varieties with super high yield potential, 130000 ~ 150000 basic seedlings per mu of large panicle type varieties with low tiller panicle rate and 80 000 ~ 120000 basic seedlings per mu of middle panicle type varieties with high tiller panicle rate.

(3) according to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in super-high-yield wheat field, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in high yield and high efficiency was determined to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency.

(4) according to the law of water demand in super-high-yield wheat field, the period of water-saving and efficient irrigation is the initial stage of soil moisture, jointing and filling, with 40 square meters per mu to improve water use efficiency.

(5) cultivate super high yield.

The soil fertility of wheat field is 1.2% of soil organic matter in 20 cm soil layer, 0.08% of total nitrogen, 70 mg / kg of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, 15 mg / kg of available phosphorus, 90 mg / kg of available potassium and above.