Water-saving cultivation techniques of wheat + millet in double-cropping area in one year

In the two-cropping area of the low plain of our province, the main planting mode of wheat is wheat + corn. In recent years, the benefit of this planting model is getting lower and lower. In the current environment of groundwater pressure mining, the planting area of wheat will be reduced, but the habit of wheat as a staple grain in the north will still exist for a long time. Therefore, it is still of great significance to explore the efficient cultivation model with wheat as the previous crop.

The mature period of winter wheat in our province is mostly in the first and middle of June, which is the best sowing time for summer millet. What is more important is that millet is drought-tolerant. Besides watering water to make soil moisture before sowing, the whole growth period usually depends on summer precipitation. It saves at least one irrigation than corn, and the market price of millet is 2-3 times that of corn. In recent years, millet has developed into a simplified and efficient mechanical production mode. The practice shows that in terms of 300 kg millet per mu, according to the current market price, the income of "wheat + millet" planting mode is 300,500 yuan more than that of "wheat + corn" or one-year cotton planting mode.

1. Water-saving cultivation techniques of wheat in the previous crop

1. Improve the quality of soil preparation and apply fertilizer scientifically to make soil moisture. Before rotary ploughing, the straw of the previous crop should be crushed twice, the stem segment is 3-5 cm long, dispersed evenly, and applied with base fertilizer. Adopt the fertilization strategy of stabilizing nitrogen, increasing phosphorus, replenishing potassium and adding micro. General mu application of ammonium bicarbonate 40 kilograms, calcium superphosphate 75 kilograms, potassium sulfate 5 kilograms, zinc sulfate 1 kilograms, or diammonium phosphate 25 kilograms, urea 10 kilograms, potassium chloride 5 kilograms, zinc sulfate 1 kilograms as base fertilizer. A certain amount of available nitrogen fertilizer should be ensured in the base fertilizer of straw returning to the field.

Sufficient soil moisture is the key measure to realize water saving and high yield and to ensure steady growth in spring. Generally speaking, it is not recommended to rush to sow seeds, because after sowing seedlings, if there is less rainfall before winter, they have to water winter water, which will lead to soil hardening, cracking, rapid evaporation and more dead seedlings over the winter. Therefore, if there is no effective rainfall of more than 50 mm before sowing, the soil moisture should be irrigated, and the amount of water per mu should be up to 50 cubic meters. If the sowing time is too late, it is necessary to ensure the sowing quality, first watering the soil moisture, and then sowing the soil preparation to avoid watering the winter water.

two。 The appropriate time for late sowing and the matching of sowing quantity to ensure the sowing quality. The suitable time for late sowing can reduce the loss of water evaporation. in addition to leaving sufficient ripening time for the summer crop millet, it is also conducive to the steady growth before winter, safe overwintering and the operation of wheat water-saving technology. There should be a suitable sowing amount within the suitable sowing time, sowing on October 5-10, generally about 12.5 kg per mu and 15 kg per mu on October 15. For late sowing, the sowing rate will be increased by 0.5 kg for each day postponed.

Sowing quality is the key to ensure water-saving and high-yield cultivation of wheat. Requirements: select seeds, do a good job of seed treatment, so that the sowing amount is accurate, sowing with equal row spacing of about 14.5 cm, to ensure uniform sowing depth (sowing depth 4-5 cm) and uniform seed drop. Sow seeds and pay attention to timely suppression. After sowing, ridge-making and small-border irrigation can reduce the amount of irrigation, and it is suitable to make 12 beds per mu.

3. Timely check and replenish seedlings, improve planting quality and simplify winter management. Check the seedlings and replenish the seedlings 10-15 days after sowing, and hoe and loosen the soil in time to break the hardening before emergence. Under the conditions of adequate moisture sowing, good quality of straw crushing and soil preparation, suitable sowing time and sowing amount, and suppression after sowing, frozen water is generally not poured. Those who need to be watered with frozen water should be rewatered when the temperature drops steadily to about 3 ℃, usually from the end of November to the beginning of December. If the soil moisture is not irrigated for various reasons, frozen water should be irrigated under the condition that there is no large effective rainfall before overwintering.

4. Spring tube is the key to watering, fertilizing and weeding. The period from wheat turning green to heading is the spring management of wheat, mainly watering, fertilization and weeding. Watering should be paid attention to properly postpone the first irrigation in spring. After taking the above-mentioned technical measures to improve planting quality, irrigation should generally be postponed to the jointing stage, that is, April 5-10 of the second year, and no later than April 15, the amount of irrigation per time is 4550 cubic meters. At the same time, nitrogen fertilizer was applied with the first irrigation. Generally, the amount of urea applied per mu is about 20 kg.

After the wheat turns green, pay attention to timely weeding, you can use benzenesulfuron herbicides, try not to use 2mem4murD, in order to ensure the safety of wheat. In addition, we should pay attention to the appropriate time of medication, too late, the dosage is high, the cost is high, the control effect is poor, and it is easy to cause wheat damage. The herbicide effect of benzenesulfuron herbicides in wheat field is generally better when the temperature is higher than 10 ℃. It is better to spray herbicides on the plots that delay irrigation from spring to early April on March 20-25, and 10% benzenesulfuron can be evenly sprayed with 10 g / mu.

5. Strengthen the management in the later stage, pay attention to the prevention and control of diseases and pests, and prevent the dry and hot wind. From wheat heading to maturity is the late management period, during this period, attention should be paid to watering, pest control and prevention of dry and hot wind. After the first irrigation of wheat is postponed, it can be irrigated again in the early stage of flowering and filling in general years. This period is the worst period of light transmission in wheat field, pay attention to close inspection and control of wheat powdery mildew and leaf rust. Attention should be paid to the timely and continuous use of drugs in the prevention and control of wheat diseases. When the disease occurred, fungicides such as triadimefon were used twice, and the interval between the two treatments was one week. The control index of wheat aphids is 800 aphids per 100 plants. in order to facilitate the detection of wheat aphids on wheat flag leaves, it is advisable to control wheat aphids as soon as possible, and pay attention to the use of high-efficiency and low-toxic pesticides. Generally, aldicarb or imidacloprid can be used for 1 and 2 times of control, the first time to use internal absorption agents, the second time to use contact agents.

In addition to the conventional diseases and insect pests mentioned above, the occurrence of the following two diseases and insect pests in this area has increased year by year. Attention should be paid to prevention and control: ① wheat trematodes. First of all, do a good job of monitoring, each sampling site (10 cm long, 10 cm wide, 20 cm deep soil) the number of insects in more than 5 plots should be controlled with chemical control, mainly in the pupa stage and supplemented by the adult stage. The control of pupa stage was carried out 3-5 days before wheat heading. Chlorpyrifos or methyl isofenphos granules were mixed with 20kg fine soil and sprinkled on the wheat field along the ridge. the control effect can be improved by hoing and watering, and the whole field can be sprayed with the mixture of pyrethroids and dichlorvos during the adult stage. ② wheat scab. When it rains during the heading and flowering stage of wheat, scab generally occurs seriously. Broad-spectrum fungicides such as uniconazole or carbendazim can be sprayed twice in a row at intervals of 5 to 10 days.