Early cultivation techniques of protected grape

Protected grape cultivation can be divided into early promotion cultivation, delayed cultivation and rain shelter cultivation. In Hengshui, the early cultivation of early listing is mainly based on the experience of planting facility vegetables for many years, and the facility grape develops rapidly.

1. Variety selection

Generally select early-maturing varieties suitable for short branch pruning, less chilling requirement, easy flower bud formation, high temperature and high humidity resistance in greenhouse, such as Victoria, Tengren, Goldfinger, white seedless chicken heart, red seedless, etc.

2. Selection of garden and cultivation methods

In order to facilitate lighting, the garden should be leeward sunny, no tall shelter, soil with good permeability of sandy loam is appropriate, flat terrain. Do not build gardens on heavy saline-alkali land, low-lying land and continuous cropping land. Cultivation methods are plastic greenhouses and solar greenhouses, Hengshui area mainly plastic greenhouses.

III. Environmental control requirements

1. Dormancy.

Shed pre-cooling: grape leaves after a certain low temperature to pass through dormancy. Early maturing varieties usually pass through natural dormancy smoothly after 800~1000 hours at 0℃~7℃, and normally sprout, grow, bloom and set fruits. In order to make grape sprout early, it is necessary to buckle the shed early, and it is required to buckle the shed when the minimum outside temperature is lower than 7℃ for 7 consecutive days. Hengshui area is generally in late October to early November buckle shed, shed film covered with straw curtain. Open the straw curtain at night and open the vent to let cold air in. Cover the straw curtain and close the vent during the day to keep the temperature in the shed at 2℃~7℃ and the air humidity at 75%~80%, so as to meet the cold demand of grapes. Pass the dormancy period as soon as possible. After about 35 days, the natural dormancy can be ended.

Chemical dormancy: In order to make grape plants germinate neatly and consistently, chemical dormancy is generally carried out in mid-December. Commonly used chemicals are lime nitrogen and monocyanamide. The concentration of lime nitrogen is 15%~18%, and the concentration of cyanamide is 1.8%. Apply winter buds with brush or cotton ball dipped in liquid medicine, and leave 1~2 buds at the top of branches unpainted to avoid the influence of top advantage. After 20 days, the budding eyes began to germinate.

2. Growth period.

Temperature regulation: 10~15 days after winter shearing, start heating and germination, and cover two sets of shed heating. The temperature rise in the early stage should be slow, otherwise the branches will dry up or affect flower bud differentiation, resulting in reduced yield. Germination period, early December, during the day open straw curtain, covered with straw curtain at night. The temperature in the shed was 15℃~18℃ in the daytime and 5℃~8℃ at night in the first week, 15℃~20℃ in the daytime and 6℃~10℃ at night in the second week, 20℃~23℃ in the daytime and 12℃~15℃ at night from the third week to germination. During the growth period of new shoots, the temperature should be controlled at 25℃~27℃ in the daytime and 14℃ at night, not lower than 10℃. At noon, the temperature is too high to cover the grass curtain to cool down, and at night, the temperature is too low to use the heater to raise the temperature. Avoid high temperatures during the day and low temperatures at night. 24℃~25℃ during the day, the highest temperature shall not exceed 30℃. Daytime temperature is too high, pollen activity is reduced, metabolism speed is accelerated, it is not easy to set fruit and drop flowers and fruits seriously. 15℃~18℃ at night. Fruit development period, from the beginning of young fruit stage, 25℃~28℃ during the day, 20℃~23℃ at night, should not be lower than 20℃. Coloring mature stage, 18℃~30℃ in the day, 15℃~17℃ at night. The temperature difference between day and night is conducive to sugar accumulation.

Humidity regulation: the relative humidity of the air in the germination period is above 85%, and the relative humidity of the soil is 75%. The relative humidity of air and soil was 65% and 70% respectively during the growth period of new shoots. The relative humidity of air and soil is 60% and 70% respectively. High humidity at flowering stage consumes nutrients, affects flower bud differentiation, and impedes transpiration of leaves, affecting the absorption and utilization of mineral elements by roots; low humidity causes stigma dryness, affecting pollination, fertilization and fruit setting. The relative humidity of air and soil was 65% and 75% respectively during berry development and 55% and 60% respectively during coloring and ripening. The measures to reduce air humidity in the facility are ventilation. After germination to bud extension, the soil temperature rises and the black non-drop plastic film is covered, which can reduce the evaporation of soil surface moisture and effectively reduce indoor air humidity.

Light regulation: the barrier of shed film to light causes insufficient light to become a bottleneck restricting greenhouse cultivation. Choose blue plastic film without drops, and lay silver reflective film on the wall of the shed to improve the illumination area.

Carbon dioxide regulation: In a closed greenhouse, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is significantly lower than the natural environment, which is not conducive to photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide can be released from carbon dioxide generator when the new shoots grow to 20 cm, and 1000~1200 grams of carbon dioxide can be supplemented per mu every day for 25 consecutive days, which can significantly increase the soluble solid content of fruits and improve fruit yield. The method for artificially applying carbon dioxide gas fertilizer is that carbon dioxide produced by the reaction of ammonium bicarbonate and dilute sulfuric acid is directly applied to facilities, and the produced ammonium sulfate can be used as fertilizer. A plastic bucket is hung every 10 meters and 2 meters in the greenhouse, a proper amount of dilute sulfuric acid is poured, ammonium bicarbonate is added at any time to release carbon dioxide gas, and carbon dioxide is especially applied before and after flowering, young fruit expansion and berry coloring maturity.

IV. Shaping and pruning

Generally, trellises or fences are used. The pruning time is from late November to late January of the following year. After winter pruning, 3600 fruiting mother branches were left per mu, and the number of branches and ears was adjusted by bud wiping and shoot fixing. Topping 10 leaves from fruiting branch, 15 leaves from vegetative branch, 8 leaves from fruiting branch and vegetative branch top accessory shoot, 5 leaves from other accessory shoot. Circumcision before and after flowering can improve fruit setting rate, circumcision before fruit ripening and coloring can promote fruit ripening and improve fruit quality, and circumcision before fruit ripening should be carried out 15 days before harvest.