Labor-saving cultivation techniques of Zhonghua Shoutao

Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling is a natural budding variety of winter peach in the peach population of northern China. The fruit is large, with an average fruit weight of 350g, a maximum of 1000 grams, a general coloring rate of 80%, good quality, high yield, late ripening, resistance to storage and transportation, and good economic benefits. In recent years, with the development of leisure and sightseeing agriculture, Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling planting in China has gradually become an efficient and characteristic industry, the planting area is increasing year by year, and the market prospect is promising. Especially in the shallow mountain area of Taihang Mountain, the slope is slow, the soil layer is thicker, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the fruit quality is good, which is suitable for Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling planting. However, due to the late maturity of Chinese Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling, complex management technology and relatively high production cost, the planting benefit of this variety was affected. For this reason, in recent years, we have studied the labor-saving cultivation techniques of Zhonghuashoutao in shallow mountain areas, which are summarized as follows.

1. Wide line close planting to build a garden, easy to manage. Planting density should be convenient for management and mechanized operation, save labor and improve work effect. Properly increase the plant row spacing, using 3 meters × 5 meters 6 meters.

two。 Reasonable allocation of pollination trees to ensure fruit setting. When the pollination trees are arranged according to the proportion of 4 ∶ 1, the pollination varieties should have a large amount of pollen. Xinchuan Nakajima, Meishuai, Beijing 14 and other varieties can be used, which can obviously increase the fruit setting rate and save a lot of manual pollination.

3. Reduce tree height, long shoot pruning, reduce other related labor. Use natural happy shape or Y-shaped tree. The Y-shaped tree is ventilated and transparent, the fruit quality is good, easy to manage, the tree height is low, about 2.5 meters, the base angle of the main branch is about 70 degrees, and the waist angle is about 60 degrees to prevent premature senescence. Carry out long shoot pruning to ease the tree potential and reduce the amount of summer pruning. Properly cut slender flower branches, retract drooping flower branches, remove diseased and weak flower branches, and reduce the workload of flower thinning and fruit thinning.

4. Control the growth of the tree and reduce the amount of pruning in summer. The young tree of Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling of China has a large growth, and its new shoots can produce secondary shoots 2 or 4 times a year, which has the advantages of fast formation and early yield. But it is also easy to cause excessive growth of branches and closure of trees. The use of growth-inhibiting hormones such as paclobutrazol and dwarf can effectively control tree growth and achieve the purpose of crown control, early fruit and high yield. Under the density of 3 meters × 5 × 6 meters in shallow mountain area, spraying 300 times concentration liquid paclobutrazol on trees when the length of new shoots is 15 ~ 20 cm in May, the effect of controlling shoots is very obvious, and the effect of promoting flowers is also good, which can obviously reduce the amount of pruning in summer.

5. Bees are released in the peach orchard to increase the fruit setting rate. Generally place a box of bees per mu, pay attention to do not spray pesticides during the florescence.

6. Timely flower thinning, reducing fruit thinning workload. Peach trees have a large number of flower buds, flowering and fruit setting need to consume a lot of nutrients, if you consider saving nutrients, the effect of flower thinning is better than fruit thinning. The bud thinning should be carried out early rather than late in the bud stage one week before flowering. Wipe off the buds on and under the back of the branch with your thumb and index finger, and remove about 1 / 3 of the flower amount of the whole tree. Long fruit branches sparse the front and rear buds and retain the middle buds; short fruit branches and bouquet-shaped fruit branches retain the top buds and remove the rear buds.

7. Reasonable load, reduce fruit bagging investment. Birthday Bun with Bean Paste Filling of China has a long growing period, is vulnerable to a variety of diseases and pests, and is easy to crack fruit and wrinkle skin. at present, fruit bagging cultivation is mostly carried out. The yield per mu is controlled at about 2000 kg, and the fruit is big and neat. Bagging can make the fruit surface smooth, prevent sunburn, promote coloring and reduce fruit cracking. Bagging time from early June to mid-June, spraying insecticide and fungicide 5 days before bagging. The fruit bag generally chooses the wooden paddle paper bag, the double layer, the outside ash inside black. After bagging, the young fruit should be located in the center of the bag. Remove the bag 10-15 days before harvest, tear open the mouth of the bag first, and remove the bag 2 days later.

8. Grow grass or cover grass or cover the ground cloth in the orchard to reduce the work of weeding. The implementation of grass growing or grass mulching system in orchard can reduce the labor of soil ploughing and weeding, be beneficial to soil and water conservation, increase the content of soil organic matter, enrich soil, strengthen tree potential and improve fruit quality.

The growing grass in orchards with higher rainfall or better irrigation conditions is mainly inter-row grass, such as white clover, red clover, rat thatch and so on. It is also feasible to grow grass naturally and mow regularly. Orchards can be covered with grass in arid areas. Crop straw is mainly used in orchard grass mulching, with a thickness of 15cm to 20cm. The first time of grass mulching in spring should avoid the time of soil thawing from February to March, which is beneficial to increase the soil temperature. Timely use of crop straw mulching after summer harvest and autumn harvest. Watering the moist soil before covering the grass, leveling the tree plate, the trunk is slightly higher, when fertilizing after covering the grass, separate the grass, open ditches or holes. After 3 years of continuous grass mulching, deep ploughing once in autumn, the rotten grass on the surface was turned into the ground, and then covered again.

Garden cover is a new way of orchard soil management in recent years, which has the characteristics of one-time investment and benefit for many years. Covering horticultural land cloth can control weeds, reduce soil water evaporation and improve soil moisture. In the hilly orchard with uneven ground and more stones, it is difficult to implement measures such as plastic film mulching, growing grass and artificial weeding, and it is relatively easy to lay horticultural land cloth. Rain Water's direct erosion of soil can be avoided, soil erosion can be reduced and ecological environment can be protected. According to the study, the tree plate covering investment of horticultural land is 23% of the manual weeding cost, and the land preparation investment is 47% of the manual weeding cost.

9. The integration of water and fertilizer, saving water, fertilizer and labor. Shallow mountain areas generally have dry soil and poor fertility, in order to save water and protect fertilizer, we advocate the construction of water-saving facilities such as drip irrigation, micro-spraying, tubule discharge, etc., which can significantly save water, and can combine soluble fertilizer with irrigation into peach orchards to realize the integration of water and fertilizer. it can save water by 30% to 40%, fertilizer by 20,30%, labor by 50% and 60%, and fruit production by 15% and 25%. The one-time investment of the integrated facilities of water and fertilizer is relatively high in the early stage, but the one-time investment can benefit for 10 years, saving about 300 yuan per mu of investment every year, and the investment cost can be fully recovered in 3 to 4 years.