Management scheme of apple in middle and late growth period

I. soil, fertilizer and water management

1. Soil management. Turn deeply and press the green manure. The depth of deep turning is generally 20cm to 80cm. Sweet clover and Amorpha can be used as green manure, and local materials can also be used as fertilizer sources.

two。 Fertilize.

Topdressing: in the middle and later stages of apple growth, topdressing is mainly based on phosphorus and potash fertilizer. In mid-August, it was sprayed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, once a month, for 2 times in a row, in order to promote the branches to stop growing. 300 times 500 times amino acid calcium or amino acid compound micro-fertilizer liquid fertilizer was sprayed once a month from July to September, and amino acid calcium liquid fertilizer was sprayed once a week 4 weeks before harvest to prevent the occurrence of acne disease. Spraying rare earth once 40 days and 20 days before harvest and spraying photosynthetic micro-fertilizer, Nongjiawang and apple increasing color one month before harvest can increase the content of soluble solids in bagged fruit. Extra-root fertilizer dressing should be carried out in the morning or evening, and the spraying site should be mainly on the back of leaves. Extra-root topdressing is prohibited within 20 days before harvest. Extra-root topdressing is generally combined with pesticide spraying.

Base fertilizer: generally applied from the end of September to the beginning of October before and after fruit harvest, mainly organic fertilizer, mature organic fertilizer will be applied to the soil at one time. For young trees and early fruiting trees, each tree applied 20,30kg organic fertilizer plus 0.2 kg diammonium phosphate.

The amount of fertilizer applied to trees in the full fruit period depends on the yield, about 1000 kg of fruit per mu, and 100kg of high-quality organic fertilizer is needed for every 100kg of fruit. At the same time, 1 kg of diammonium phosphate, 0.5 kg of urea, 1 kg of potassium sulfate or 10 kg of plant ash were added to 100 kg base fertilizer. It is mainly applied in annular or radial ditches, and the location of fertilization in annular ditches should be projected vertically at the edge of the crown, with a depth of 40cm to 50cm and a width of 40cm, depending on the amount of fertilizer. Four radial trenches were dug under the crown from inside to outside in four different directions. The shape of the groove is 20 cm deep and 20 cm wide in the inside and 50 cm deep and wide in the outer part. When deep fertilization is generally applied under the canopy, it can be changed to sprinkling and ploughing in the whole garden, and deep application and spreading can be carried out alternately in different years.

3. Water it. Watering in time according to the law of water demand of fruit trees and the status of soil moisture. The young fruit was irrigated once in the period from young fruit expansion and after fruit harvest to before soil freezing. Water was watered once 3-5 days before bagging to meet the moisture demand of bagged fruits and prevent sunburn. The amount of irrigation is 40-60 cm in the root distribution layer, reaching 60%-70% of the maximum field capacity.

II. Control of diseases and insect pests

After the middle of July, Rain Water gradually increased and all kinds of diseases increased. Attention must be paid to leaf protection, and fungicides with leaf and fruit protection should be sprayed as usual to prevent bacteria from entering the bag with Rain Water. According to the occurrence of diseases and pests, several kinds of high-quality germicidal and insecticidal agents were selected to spray reasonably in order to reduce the number of spraying. On cloudy days or when Rain Water is too much, spray protective and absorbent agents in time, such as 800x Dasheng M-45 mixed with 50% carbendazim 800x solution, alternately with 1 ∶ 3 ∶ 200Bordeaux solution. Immediately after removing the bag, spray 600 times bake, 25% methyl topiramate 800 times or 800 times Fruit Fukang to prevent and cure the wheel rot caused by latent bacteria in the fruit, and spray 1 and 2 times the color-increasing fertilizer, such as 300-fold solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 800-fold Shi Kanglu, Nongjiawang and so on. After harvest, the used waste paper bags will be burned in time to eliminate the source of diseases and insect pests lurking on the bags, so as to reduce the harm of the following year.

Third, take off the bag

1. The period of taking off the bag. Single-layer bags of yellowish green varieties can be removed during harvest; red varieties use single-layer bags, tear open the bag in an umbrella shape 30 days before harvest, cover the fruit to prevent direct sunlight, remove the whole bag after 7 days and 10 days, to prevent sunburn and accelerate coloring; red varieties use inner and outer double bags, pick the outer bag 30-40 days before harvest, and then remove the inner bag after 4 days of sunburn. For the double-layer bags with the outer layer and the inner layer glued together, untie the mouth of the bag for ventilation first, and then remove it all after 4-5 days. The time of picking the bag is too early, the color of the fruit surface is dark and the finish is poor; if you remove the bag too late, the color of the fruit surface is light and the storage is easy to fade.

two。 The method of removing the bag. When removing the double-layer bag, first tear off the outer bag along the tangent of the bag, wait 5-7 days before removing the inner bag; except for the single-layer bag, first open the bottom of the bag for ventilation or tear the paper bag into long strips, and remove it a few days later. Do not remove the bag at one time, otherwise it is very easy to cause sunburn, especially sunny and windless days.

Fourth, measures to promote fruit coloring

1. Pick the leaves. Cut off the leaves with scissors, leaving only the petiole. Picking leaves is usually carried out in two stages. The first time in early September, only the leaves that directly affect the fruit surface were removed; the second time in early October, a large number of leaves were removed, mainly the leaves at the base of the fruit platform, and the leaves from the base to the middle of the new shoots near the fruit could also be removed properly. When picking leaves, first pick yellow leaves, leaflets, fallen leaves, and then pick autumn shoot leaves. After picking leaves, more than 60% of the fruit surface was exposed to direct light, and the amount of leaves picked accounted for 20% to 30% of the total tree. When picking leaves, be sure to remove them by stages, do not pick too many leaves at one time, so as to avoid sunburn on the fruit surface.

two。 Turn the fruit. The fruit rotation was carried out about 15 days after picking the bag, and the shady side of the fruit was turned to the sunny side by changing the position of the branches and the direction of the fruit. In order to prevent the fruit from turning back to its original position, the fruit can be fixed with transparent tape so that the fruit can be fully exposed to light. The fruit was turned for 2 or 3 times according to the situation. Fruit transfer should be carried out before 10:00 and after 16:00 in the afternoon to prevent sunfever.