Guidelines for the cultivation of organic vegetables

With the continuous improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of health care awareness, consumers' demand for pollution-free vegetables is also increasing, and organic vegetables have gradually stepped onto the consumption table of some people. The development of organic vegetables has a very broad market prospect, but also has a good comprehensive benefit.

The meaning of organic vegetables means that in the process of vegetable production, organic vegetables do not use chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides and growth regulators, as well as genetically engineered organisms and their products, but follow the laws of nature and ecological principles. adopt a series of sustainable agricultural technologies, coordinate planting balance, maintain the stability of the agro-ecosystem, and have been identified and approved by organic certification bodies. And issue organic certificates for vegetable products.

? Production base requirements

1. The integrity of the base the land of the base should be a complete plot, during which there should not be plots for conventional production, but organic conversion parcels are allowed; the junction between the organic vegetable production base and conventional plots must be clearly marked, such as rivers, hills, artificial isolation zones, and so on.

2. There must be a conversion period from conventional production system to organic production, which usually takes 2 years, and then the sown vegetables can be used as organic products after harvesting. Perennial vegetables need 3 years of conversion time before harvest to become organic crops. The starting time of the conversion period is calculated from the date of applying for certification from the certification body, and the producer must operate in full accordance with the requirements of organic production during the conversion period. The vegetables grown in the field after one year of organic conversion can be sold as organic conversion crops.

3. Establishment of buffer zone if some plots in the organic vegetable production base may be affected by pollution of adjacent conventional plots, buffer zones or physical obstacles must be set up between organic and conventional plots to ensure that organic plots are not contaminated. Different certification bodies have different requirements for the length of the isolation belt, such as 8 meters for ofdc certification bodies in China and 10 meters for bcs certification bodies in Germany.

? Cultivation and management

1. Organic vegetable seeds and seedlings should be used in variety selection, and conventional seeds without prohibited substances may be used in the absence of certified organic vegetable seeds and seedlings (such as in the initial stage of organic cultivation). Vegetable species and varieties that adapt to local soil and climate characteristics and are resistant to diseases and insect pests should be selected, and the protection of crop genetic diversity should be fully considered in variety selection. The use of any genetically modified seeds is prohibited.

2. Rotation and clean pastoral organic bases should use at least three crops, including legumes or green manure, for rotation; in areas where only one crop of vegetables can be grown per year, rotation of two crops, including legumes, is allowed. After the previous vegetable harvest, clean the base thoroughly and transport all the diseased bodies out of the base for destruction or deep burial, so as to reduce the disease base.

3. Through cultivating strong seedlings, changing roots by grafting, ridging cultivation, plastic film mulching, reasonable close planting, plant adjustment and other techniques, matching cultivation techniques make full use of light, heat, gas and other conditions to create an environment conducive to the growth of vegetables. in order to achieve the goal of high yield and high efficiency.

? Fertilizer use

1. Allowed types of organic fertilizers, including animal manure and residues, plant retting to make fertilizer, green manure, plant ash, cake fertilizer, etc.; minerals, including potassium ore powder, phosphate rock powder, calcium chloride and other substances; in addition, it also includes organic special fertilizers and some microbial fertilizers certified by organic certification bodies.

2. Harmless treatment of fertilizer the organic fertilizer should be treated innocuously 2 months before application, and the fertilizer should be wet, piled up and covered with plastic film to make it fully fermented and mature. During the fermentation period, the temperature in the pile is more than 60 ℃, which can effectively kill the diseases, insect pests and weeds in farm manure, and the treated fertilizer is easy to be absorbed and utilized by vegetables.

3. The method of using fertilizer (1) the amount of fertilizer: when using fertilizer, the land planted with organic vegetables should grow vegetables and improve soil fertility at the same time. The ratio of animal to plant fertilizer should be controlled at 1 ∶ 1. Generally, 3000-4000 kg of organic fertilizer is applied per mu and 100kg of special organic fertilizer is applied. (2) applying sufficient base fertilizer: 80% of the total amount of fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and the fertilizer is evenly mixed into the tillage layer combined with cultivated land to facilitate root absorption. (3) skillfully applying topdressing: topdressing fertilizer can be used for vegetables with high planting density and shallow root system. When the vegetables grow to 3-4 leaves, the dried and fine fertilizer is spread evenly into the vegetable field and watered in time. For vegetables with large row spacing and concentrated roots, topdressing can be applied by opening ditches, do not break the roots when opening ditches, and water them in time after being covered with soil. For vegetables with large row spacing, the method of hole topdressing can be adopted.

? Control of diseases, pests and weeds

Since the use of all chemically synthesized pesticides and products produced by genetic engineering technology is prohibited in the production process of organic vegetables, the principle of "prevention first and combination of prevention and control" should be adhered to in organic vegetables. Through the selection of disease-resistant varieties, high-temperature disinfection, reasonable fertilizer and water management, rotation, diversified intercropping, protection of natural enemies and other agricultural and physical measures, comprehensive control of diseases, pests and weeds.

1. Disease control: lime, sulfur and Bordeaux liquid can be used to control a variety of vegetable diseases; limited use of materials containing copper, such as copper hydroxide and copper sulfate, can be used to control vegetable fungal diseases; soft soap, plant preparation and vinegar can be used to control vegetable fungal diseases; potassium permanganate is a good fungicide that can control a variety of diseases; allow the use of microorganisms and their fermented products to control vegetable diseases.

2. Pest control promotes pest control by releasing parasitic and predatory natural enemies (such as Trichogramma, ladybugs, predatory mites, etc.); allowing the use of soft soaps, botanical pesticides or locally grown plant extracts; sexual attractants can be used in traps and distribution utensils, allowing the use of visual (such as yellow sticky plates) and physical pest control facilities (such as anti-pest nets). Limited use of rotenone, botanical pyrethroids, emulsified vegetable oils and diatomite can be used to kill insects, and limited use of microorganisms and their preparations, such as fenitrobacter, bt preparations, etc.

3. Weed control through the use of cultivation techniques that restrict the growth and development of weeds (such as rotation, planting green manure, fallow, etc.) to control weeds; provide the use of straw mulching to control weeds; allow the use of mechanical and electrothermal weeding; the use of genetically engineered products and chemical herbicides is prohibited.