Fig planting techniques with high yield and good benefit

Fig is Ficus carica L of the genus Ficus of Moraceae. The fruit of. Mainly grows in some tropical and temperate places, belonging to subtropical deciduous small trees or shrubs, berries. The fruit contains rich nutrients such as sugar, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. Scientists have also extracted benzaldehyde, bergamot lipids and other anticancer substances from figs. In addition to fresh food and medicine, figs can also be processed for drying, preserved fruit, jam, fruit juice, fruit tea, fruit wine, beverage, canned and so on. Fig planting can see fruit in the same year, the yield is high, the benefit is good, and the tree is resistant to drought and salt, rarely occur diseases and insect pests, so planting figs has attracted more and more attention.

First, the main varieties

Figs are divided into four types according to their pollination relationship and flower types. Figs cultivated in China are all common types. Here we mainly recommend two fine varieties, Qingpi and Blenrik. These two varieties have the characteristics of high yield, high quality and strong cold resistance, and their excellent fruit quality is favored by the world, and they are exported to Japan and other countries and regions, especially green figs. The variety characteristics of Qingpi and Blanrek are briefly introduced as follows:

1. Green bark: the tree is vigorous and the trunk is obvious. Leaves palmately 3-Mel. 5-lobed. Fruit flat, obconic. The fruit is green before ripening, yellowish green after ripening, purplish red pulp, small fruit, open. The average weight of summer fruit is 80ml / 100g, and that of autumn fruit is 40ml / 50g. The fruit surface is smooth and non-cracking, the pericarp is tough, and the sugar content of mature fruit is about 20%. It has excellent quality, high yield, cold resistance and is a late-maturing variety.

2. Blanrek: the tree is moderate in potential, the trunk is inconspicuous, much tufted; the leaves are palmately 5-ply and 7-parted, lobes narrowly striped. The fruit is yellowish green before ripening, yellowish brown after ripening, and the flesh is amber to light pink. Fruit shape is irregular, long oval oblique side, fruit eyes open, pericarp thin, non-dehiscent. The average weight of summer fruit is 100ml 120g, the quantity is very small, and the weight of autumn fruit is 30ml 40g, which is very high yield. The sugar content of mature fruit is 18%, 20%, the quality is good, and the variety is mid-late maturity.

2. Cultivation techniques

1. Reproduction and planting

Fig branches are easy to take root and tillers are easy to occur. Cutting, striping and ramet can be used when propagating seedlings. In production, a large number of seedlings are propagated by cutting method, and the survival rate is very high. The application of hardwood cuttage in the Yangtze River basin was carried out in the middle and late March. All branches with short internodes and 1 cm ~ 1.5 cm thick branches can be used as cuttings with 2-3 buds per cuttage. Specific operation techniques can be referred to grapes. Continuous cropping is avoided in the cutting ground to avoid the spread of nematodes. If the plastic greenhouse is used to raise seedlings in nutrition bags in winter, the seedlings can be formed earlier.

When building a garden, suitable varieties should be selected according to different requirements and site conditions. For example, yellow varieties should be selected for canning processing, cold-resistant varieties should be selected in places with low temperature in winter (minus 15 degrees right), salt-resistant varieties should be selected in tidal flat, and large fruit varieties should be selected with fresh fruit in the market. Continuous cropping is not allowed in the garden.

The planting distance is generally 3 ~ 4 meters, and the tree crown is large in areas with good soil quality or warm climate, which can expand the row spacing to 5 ~ 7 meters.

two。 Plastic pruning and fertilizer and water management

In general, the branches in the fig crown are not dense, which is suitable for cultivating a layered tree with a central trunk or a naturally happy shape of multiple main branches. it can also branch directly from the ground to form a tufted shrubby crown. During plastic surgery, the seedlings should be dried at a height of 40 cm ~ 50 cm, and then the whole tree will retain 4 or 6 main branches, with or without the central trunk. There is a certain distance between the main branches, and the main branches are cut to 40 cm ~ 60 cm every year, and then 2 or 3 secondary main branches are arranged at appropriate intervals to enlarge the fruiting area.

After the completion of the tree shape, only useless long branches, dense branches, drooping branches and dry and withered branches should be removed every year, and strong branches should be retained as much as possible to bear fruit. For the varieties mainly harvested in autumn, because the fruiting parts are mostly in the middle and lower part of the new shoots of the same year, the branches can be moderately cut short. The flower buds of summer fruit varieties are often born at the top of branches, so it is not appropriate to cut short robust branches in winter, so as not to affect the yield. For the fig trees with few branches or fruit parts moving out year by year, the fig trees can be properly truncated in winter to promote new branches. Part of the branches can be clipped to leave 2 or 3 leaf buds at the base.

The tissue of fig branches is loose, and the cuttings heal slowly. After winter shearing, it often dries up the branches under the cuttings, affecting the growth of cuttings buds. Therefore, the large shearing mouth should be smeared with wax or other protective agents, and the twigs can appropriately improve the short parts.

Fig base fertilizer was applied in combination with winter tillage before and after defoliation. Topdressing should be applied in stages before the rapid growth of new shoots and the rapid expansion of receptacle fruit. Figs do not have strict requirements for moisture, and attention should be paid to drainage in the rainy season. In coastal areas, it is best to set up pillar protection in the typhoon season.

3. Overwintering protection

Figs prefer a warm and drier climate, and their cold resistance is low. Branches and stems are often frozen when cultivated in temperate zones, especially for young trees under 5 years old, when they encounter a low temperature of 16-18 degrees in winter, the whole plant is at risk of freezing to death. When overwintering in Huaibei area, it is appropriate to cultivate soil at the base of the tree trunk to prevent freezing, about 35 cm high, and then remove the soil after thawing in spring. The big branches can be protected by grass to survive the winter. With the increase of tree age, the overwintering ability is gradually enhanced. Once the plant is frozen, the frozen branches should be cut off in time, and new branches should be selected instead after germination. Sometimes even if all the aboveground parts are frozen to death, the next spring can still sprout powerful branches from the root neck of the soil, forming a new crown.

III. Main diseases and insect pests and their control

Figs have fewer diseases and insect pests. The common ones that cause great harm are mulberry longicorn beetles, root-knot nematodes and fruit anthracnose. The prevention and control of mulberry longicorn beetles can refer to the part of apple and plug with poison label. At present, the prevention and control of root-knot nematode is mainly to avoid continuous cropping in the old garden and quarantine and disinfect the seedlings, and the soil can also be disinfected when conditions permit. Fruit anthracnose should be sprayed with 200 times lime Bordeaux solution or 75% chlorothalonil 600 times 800 times solution as early as possible before the onset of fruit in summer and autumn, and the safe interval of the latter application (days from the last application to harvest) was 7-14 days.