Cultivation methods of Flos Lonicerae

It is used as medicine for the bud or flower with early blooming of perennial honeysuckle (LonicerajaponicaThunb.) of honeysuckle family after drying. Honeysuckle has the effect of clearing away heat and detoxification, cooling away wind and heat, used for carbuncle, furuncle, febrile disease and other diseases; honeysuckle vine has the effect of clearing heat and detoxification, soothing wind and dredging collaterals, used for febrile disease, heat and blood. Main growth and cultivation areas: wild all over the country. It is mainly produced in Henan and Shandong. Shandong (Pingyi, Feixian, etc.) producers are called "honeysuckle", with a large output; Henan (Xinmi, Fengqiu) producers are called "honeysuckle" and "honeysuckle", both of which are genuine medicinal materials. The above producing areas are all in the mountainous areas, showing a semi-domestic and semi-wild state. At present, the relevant areas of Henan, Shandong and other provinces are completely managed by artificial cultivation in the plains, changing clumps into a single plant erect, second stubble flowers into four stubble flowers, and the yield per mu is increased to 150kg.

[plant morphology] Honeysuckle is a perennial shrub or vine. Old stems gray or brownish gray, young stems densely brown pilose, stems green or reddish brown. Leaves opposite; leaf blade ovate or long elliptic, entire, both surfaces and margin densely pubescent; reticulate veins. Flowers axillary in pairs; total pedicel densely pubescent, pedicel base with 2 leafy bracts, green; calyx surrounded by 2 bracteoles, calyx short, light green, 5-lobed, lobes triangular. Corolla lip-shaped, long 3~4cm, Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, anti-roll upward, Corolla tube about 2.5cm, inside and outside densely pilose; flowers at first white, later golden yellow. Stamens 5; filaments white, inserted at the mouth of the crown; anthers long elliptic, yellowish or dark yellow, dorsifixed. Pistil 1; stigma papillary; style slender, style and stamens protruding beyond Corolla; ovary inferior, three-loculed, terminal placenta, 2 ovules per locule. The berries are globose, 3~4mm in diameter, green, purple-black when ripe. Seeds grayish black, trigonous, ca. 1.5mm long, about 1ram wide. Flowering from May to August and fruiting from June to October (Fig. 31). [biological characteristics] there are two common large varieties of Flos Lonicerae. One is the "big hairy flower" with long internodes, strong entanglement and mostly hairy flowers. The other is that the internodes are short and upright, and the buds are concentrated in the shape of chicken claws. The variety of "thread flower" in Fengqiu, Henan Province is similar to "chicken claw flower". The upright is stronger and the buds are more compact. The living ability of Rendong is very strong, and the root system is very developed. The germination rate of branches is also very strong. Seed propagation is available, but cutting propagation and split propagation are more often used in production. It was propagated by cuttage and cultivated in plain for 2 years, formed a pier in 4 ~ 5 years, and reached the peak period of flowering. It takes 15 years and 20 years for the flower to decline and needs to be renewed. The life span of presbyopia pier can reach. More than 30 years. Honeysuckle is not strict on climatic conditions and has a strong ability to adapt. Resistant to cold and heat, drought and waterlogging. However, in the high and cold mountain areas, the growth and development is poor, the growth period is short, and the yield is low. It also has a strong ability to adapt to the soil. The soil is deep and fertile and the soil grows vigorously. Barren, light saline-alkali soil salt content of 0.2% to 0.4% can also grow, poor development, low yield. 1. The annual growth and development stage of honeysuckle can be divided into six stages, namely, budding stage, new shoot flourishing stage, budding stage, flowering stage, slow growth period and overwintering stage. Under artificial cultivation conditions in Henan and Shandong, the flowering period is relatively concentrated from mid-May to early September, and sporadic blooming ends in late September after 4 times of opening. The first flowering (commonly known as the first stubble flower): in mid-late May, the number of buds accounted for 40% of the total buds in the whole flowering period. The second flowering (commonly known as the second stubble flower): in late June, the number of buds accounted for 30% of the total flower bud stage. The third flowering: from late July to early August, the number of buds accounted for 20% of the total buds in the whole flowering period. The fourth flowering: in early September, the number of buds accounted for 10% of the total number of buds in the whole flowering period. After entering the slow growth period, the plant grows slowly, the leaves fall off, and new branches are no longer formed, but green buds appear at the stem nodes of the branches, and a large number of overwintering buds are formed at the main stem or main branch branches, which should be the reflux period of storage nutrition. When the average temperature of the day was 3 ℃, the growth was very slow, and the overwintering buds turned reddish brown, but some leaves did not wither through the winter. Production is divided into 10 stages. Due to different climatic conditions, the growth period of honeysuckle is quite different. 2. Flowering habits: honeysuckle has the habit of multiple shoots and blossoms. The flowering period of honeysuckle in Huang-Huai Plain, Henan Province, from mid-May to the end of September, under the condition of unmanaged and natural growth, the first crop of flowers generally has a large number of flowers, the florescence is concentrated, and blooms in mid-and late May and ends in early June. After that, buds are formed only when the long and strong branches produce secondary branches, the number of flowers is small, and the flowering period is irregular. If the management is strengthened, by manual pruning, reasonable fertilization and irrigation, the flowering period can be controlled and its flowering can be concentrated for 3 or 4 times a year. The yield and quality of honeysuckle at different stages are shown in Table 7. [honeysuckle planting technique] because honeysuckle is a vine, it has been cultivated into semi-shrubby wood for a long time. The selection of plant type during cultivation is very important, and the plant variation is also very large. In production, according to the variation of crown, branch, leaf and flower of Honeysuckle, Henan Province is divided into 9 variety types, which are divided into two major lines: line flower line and hairy flower line. The main varieties are: large hair flower, blue hair flower, long line flower, small hair flower, multi-stamen honeysuckle, multi-flower honeysuckle, maggot head flower, red strip honeysuckle and line flower. The fine varieties popularized in a large area are: big hairy flower, blue hair flower and long-line flower. According to the preliminary statistics of Shandong Province, there are more than 10 strains, which can be divided into three major strains, namely, hairy flower line, chicken claw flower line and wild honeysuckle line. The main varieties are: big hairy flower, small hairy flower, hemp leaf, big chicken claw flower, small chicken claw flower, wild honeysuckle, and other varieties such as goose feather tube, pair flower son, Ye Li Zang, Ye Li Qi, line flower son, Eupatorium adenophorum and so on. Among them, Daomao flower and chicken claw flower have high yield and good quality, which are not only the excellent varieties in production, but also the two varieties with the largest cultivated area. 1. Land selection and soil preparation can be divided into two methods: mountain cultivation and plain cultivation. (1) Mountain cultivation: it is usually cultivated on the Weir of hillside terraced fields, or concentrated on hillside and hilltop, but due to the limitation of water and fertilizer conditions and climatic conditions, the unit yield is still not high. Cutting seedling transplanting method and direct cutting method are commonly used. (2) Plain cultivation: usually changes the tufted honeysuckle: twining habits, artificial pruning, so that the stem into an upright shrub. The seedling transplanting method is commonly used. In order to facilitate the management, the flat land which is beneficial to irrigation and drainage is better. Before transplanting, fully mature organic fertilizer 3000~5000kg per mu, deep turning or hole application can be raked and ground. 2. The common method of propagation is cuttage. Where there are irrigation conditions,. Cuttings can be cut all the year round, but they are generally cut in winter, spring and rainy season. The seedlings raised by cutting in winter and spring can be dug out for afforestation in about half a year in the rainy season, and the seedlings raised by cutting in the rainy season can be planted in winter and spring. As long as the cutting nursery can keep the ground moist, the survival rate can generally reach more than 90%. The main results are as follows: (1) selection of cuttings: select strong and full 1-to 2-year-old branches, cut about 30cm cuttings, and retain about 3 nodes. It can also be collected by combining summer shearing and winter shearing and cut into 25~30cm branches after harvest. If the fruiting mother branch is selected as the cuttings, several short stalks should be left at the upper end. (2) Cuttage: on the flat seedling bed, the furrow was opened according to the row spacing 30cm, and the ditch depth was 20cm. After the trench is opened, the 5~1Ocm is buried directly in the ditch according to the plant distance, or only loosen the soil without digging the ditch, insert the cuttings into the hole, compact and press tightly. When a border or one side of the cuttage is finished, it should be watered along the ditch in time to suppress the soil and make the cuttings close to the soil. After the water seeps down, it is covered with a thin layer of soil to preserve soil moisture and heat preservation. The cuttings should be exposed with 5~8cm after burying the soil to facilitate the germination of new buds and cuttings. (3) Management after insertion: the management of nursery should be strengthened. According to soil moisture, timely watering, loosening soil and weeding. Cutting in summer, after 7-8 days, the buds began to sprout, and more than ten days later began to take root. Cuttings in winter and spring usually sprout after the root. Timely prevention and control of diseases and insect pests occur in seedlings. (4) transplanting: before germination in early spring or dormant period in autumn and winter. In the whole planting ground, dig holes according to row spacing 130cm and plant spacing] OOcm, wide and deep 30~40cm, mix sufficient amount of base fertilizer and subsoil evenly into the hole, plant a strong seedling in each hole, fill fine soil compacted, firm, and pour through the fixed root water. 3. Field management (1) ploughing and weeding: comprehensive ploughing should be carried out in the management of high-yielding gardens with centralized production. Such as hillside, hilly or gully, Weir edge cultivation, it is appropriate to carry out hole-shaped loose soil around the plant, the diameter is 60~70cm, nearby shallow hoe, peripheral deep hoe. (2) timely watering: generally speaking, warm root water should be watered once before freezing, and after thawing in the second spring, root moistening water should be irrigated twice to wake up, and then before each stubble bud harvest, water should be irrigated once combined with fertilization to promote bud and protect flowers, and should be combined with irrigation each time. When the soil is dry, it should be watered in time to facilitate the growth of new shoots of honeysuckle plants and promote multiple flowering. (3) fertilization: honeysuckle is a perennial medicinal plant with multiple budding and flowering, so it should be fertilized many times a year. The results showed that the yield increasing effect of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer was better, but the combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer was better. According to the law of the development of honeysuckle and the need of picking flower buds, fertilizer is generally applied at least twice a year. The first time before freezing, the use of compost or barnyard manure and other organic fertilizer can not only help plants keep warm, but also promote the exuberant growth of plants in early spring, each plant can use compost or barnyard manure 5kg, mixed with chemical fertilizer 50~1OOg; the second time in the first stubble flower bud picking, each plant can be applied human manure 5~10kg or chemical fertilizer 50~1OOg, and then according to the actual needs of cultivating multi-stubble flower buds, each flower bud is picked, then one available nitrogen fertilizer is applied. Fertilization method: combined with deep loosening soil buried in the soil, it can also be in the 30~35cm around the plant, open a ring-shaped ditch, ditch depth 15~20cm, fertilizer will be applied to the ditch, the ditch can be covered with soil, and watering in time after fertilization. Where there are conditions, after the budding of the plant, the mixture of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea should be sprayed once with a concentration of 0.5%. [harvest processing] 1. Harvest (1) harvest time: the harvest time of honeysuckle, usually from May to August. The most suitable picking standard is: "the bud changes from green to white, the upper part is white and the lower part is green, the upper part is expanded, and it is not yet open." At this time, the flower buds are divided into Erbai period and Dabai period according to the flowering period. Picking time is very strong, from dawn to 9 o'clock before noon, picking flower buds is the most timely, after drying, it is turquoise or green-white, bright color, high drying rate, the average 4.2kg fresh products produce dry 1kg. According to the picking stage, it can be divided into the first stubble bud and the second stubble bud. The conditions of light, heat, water and fertilizer are good, and the management of summer shearing and coring is correct and timely, and 3-4 stubble buds can be harvested. The period of bud harvesting can be extended from mid-May to mid-September. The first stubble buds were picked from "the Beginning of Summer" to "Lesser Fullness of Grain" for about 10 days, and the buds were picked the most in the last 5 days; the second buds were picked during the period from "the Summer Solstice" to "Lesser Heat"; the third flowers were picked from "Greater Heat" to "the End of Heat"; and the fourth flowers were picked after White Dew. The ratio of 4 stubble flower buds harvested is 4, 3, 2, 1. (2) picking method: the utensils used for picking honeysuckle must be ventilated, bamboo baskets or baskets are generally used, and schoolbags, handbags or plastic bags are not allowed, in case the moisture evaporated from the picked buds is not easy to volatilize and then soak the buds, or the temperature is not easy to dissipate and become hot, moldy and black. Picked buds are gently placed in the receptacle, to achieve "light picking, light grip, light handling."