Planting techniques and measures for high yield and high quality of safflower

Safflower, also known as safflower, is an annual herb of Compositae. It mainly produces Henan, * and other provinces and northeast regions, and can be planted in most parts of the country. Flower for medicinal use, with promoting blood circulation and dredging menstruation, removing blood stasis, detumescence and pain and other effects, or more widely used natural pigments and dyes. The oil content of the seeds produced after harvesting safflower drugs is more than 30%, and the processed safflower seed oil is an important industrial raw material. According to the analysis of the planting situation in the main producing areas of safflower in recent years, most medicine farmers still use the traditional and ancient planting methods, and do not understand the requirements of safflower growth on soil, climate and planting time, and plant blindly, resulting in low yield per mu, poor quality and insignificant economic benefits, which seriously affect the development of safflower industry and reduce the supply of safflower at present. The price has doubled from 23 yuan / kg in 2002 to more than 40 yuan / kg now. Now it is close to the best annual planting season of safflower, so according to the production experience in recent years, the author puts forward the following suggestions on the high-quality and high-yield technical measures of safflower, which can be used as a reference for drug farmers.

First, carefully select plots to prevent diseases and insect pests.

Because Carthamus tinctorius has strong adaptability, drought tolerance, saline-alkali tolerance, and basically any soil can grow, people ignore the selection of plots in the traditional planting mode, resulting in thin vegetative growth and poor resistance to diseases and insect pests. Seriously affect the yield and efficiency. In order to achieve high yield and good quality of safflower, we should first pay attention to the following points: 1. The soil should be planted in neutral loam or light clay soil with PH value between 6.5 and 8.5. If the sandy soil is too large, the ability of water and fertilizer conservation is poor, the required nutrition can not meet the growth requirements, the growth is thin, the disease is serious in the later stage, the Corolla is small, the safflower seed is thin, and it is easy to lodge in the later growth stage, the yield is low and the quality is poor. If the soil is too clayey or heavy saline-alkali soil (PH value > 8.5), the aeration and water permeability is poor, the structure is dense, it is easy to form soil consolidation, nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis can not be carried out normally, and the harmful substances decomposed in the soil can not be discharged in time, which obviously inhibit the growth of roots. In serious cases, it will cause the death of safflower plants. 2. the so-called topography in the choice of topography is the high and low degree and slope of the land, which includes mountains, mountains and flat land. The topography of planting safflower should choose the land with high and dry terrain and no stagnant water. The mountain should choose a sunny or semi-sunny slope with low mountains and plenty of sunshine; the slope of the hilly land should not be too steep, and the slope generally should not exceed 20 degrees; the flat land should have unimpeded drainage facilities and do high border planting, and drainage ditches should be dug around or in the middle of the parcel to ensure that the land does not accumulate water after heavy rain. Reduce and prevent the harm of anthrax to safflower in recent years. 3. In the land where safflower can not be planted continuously, the best previous crop is legume or Gramineae. The rotation system of more than three years makes some diseases and pests lack host conditions, which can economically and effectively restrain or reduce the harm of some diseases and pests to safflower plants, reduce production costs and labor investment, and lay a good foundation for high quality and high yield.

Second, sowing seeds at the right time to meet the requirements of natural conditions in each period.

Because the requirements of temperature, light, water and other environmental conditions are different in the whole growing period of safflower, the most suitable sowing time should be selected according to the changing law of climatic conditions and biological characteristics of safflower in the planting area. The main results are as follows: 1. In terms of temperature, safflower seeds can germinate when the temperature is more than 5 degrees. The temperature of 15 degrees 20 degrees in vegetative growth stage and 28 degrees in reproductive growth stage is the best. 2. In the aspect of sunshine, in the vegetative growth period, short-day sunshine is beneficial to plant development, while in the flowering and seed-setting stage, long-term sunshine can promote Corolla hypertrophy, full grain formation and high yield. 3. In terms of water, because of the developed root system of Carthamus tinctorius, except for the seedling stage and bud formation stage, there is no strict requirement for water in other stages, especially in the later growth stage, drought and waterlogging are preferred, such as excessive air humidity in this period. too much water in the soil will lead to many diseases. Therefore, according to the above three main biological characteristics of Carthamus tinctorius, it is the most suitable for autumn sowing in North China and Huang-Huai region, and the sowing time is around the Autumn Equinox to Frosts Descent, and spring sowing is suitable in the south of the Yangtze River, northeast and northwest. Sowing time should be planted at 5 cm when the ground temperature is stable at about 5 degrees. To determine the specific best sowing time, we should arrange the sowing time reasonably and scientifically according to the changes of climatic conditions in each region in a year, combined with the biological characteristics of safflower, so as to ensure high quality and high yield and ensure economic benefits.

Third, select varieties to lay the foundation for high quality and high yield.

Choose "short thorn" safflower generation variety to plant. The morphological characteristics of this variety are as follows: plant height 120 cm, whole plant smooth and glabrous, stem erect, lower woody, upper much branched, single plant alternate, sessile, base clasping stem, leaf blade ovate-lanceolate, tip. The flowering period is from May to June, the fruiting period is from June to July, and the weight of a thousand seeds is 35g. Growth habits: the whole growth period is 110 days. Sex like warm and slightly dry climate, more drought-resistant, cold-resistant, strong adaptability. Afraid of fishing, avoid high temperature, is a long-day variety, with many years of field cultivation experience, if there is longer sunshine in the later stage of growth, it can promote flowering and fruit and obtain high yield. The requirement of soil is not strict, and the sandy loam with high dryness, good drainage and medium fertility is better, so it is not suitable for continuous cropping. Propagation method: seed reproduction, direct seeding is better, large area planting can be harvested by machine, sowing machine can be used to sow wheat and rice, and safflower seeds can be harvested by combine harvester. The amount of seed used per mu is about 3 kg. Cycle: sown from September to October, harvest safflower in mid-late May of the following year, and mature seeds in June. Spring sowing harvests flowers in June and seeds in July. Yield: 150 kg of fresh flowers per mu (667 square meters), with a drying rate of 25%. The dry product is 40 kilograms, which can increase by 30% compared with other varieties. Another 120 kilograms of safflower seeds can be collected.