Cultivation techniques of traditional Chinese Medicine Ginseng

Planting pattern

Ginseng cultivation includes cutting and planting ginseng, planting ginseng under forest and planting ginseng in farmland and so on. Planting ginseng in farmland not only does not destroy forest and soil and water conservation, but also can accelerate growth and improve yield and quality, which is a good way to develop ginseng production.

Cultivated variety

Although the artificial cultivation of ginseng has a long history in China, excellent varieties have not been cultivated by breeding departments according to scientific methods through a variety of advanced breeding methods. Only through the long-term manual selection and natural selection of ginseng farmers in the production areas, some "farm varieties" such as "big horse teeth", "two horse teeth", "round bladder round lotus", "long neck" and so on were formed. In recent years, the Special products Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and other units have cultivated new varieties such as yellow fruit ginseng, Jishen 1 with high yield and high quality, and Bianshen 1. The "big horse tooth" grows fast, the yield is high, but the root shape is poor; "Erma tooth" takes the second place; "long neck" and "round bladder round rash" have good root shape, but the growth is slow and the yield is low. There are also great differences in the content of total saponins among different types of ginseng. Double-stem ginseng and multi-stem ginseng have not yet formed varieties, now ginseng farmers and ginseng field production of ginseng, the phenomenon of mixed varieties is serious. In the future, excellent varieties with high economic benefits, stable heredity, strong adaptability and stress resistance should be cultivated by scientific methods.

Land selection and preparation

Farmland planting ginseng should choose leeward to the sun, long sunshine, good drainage, loose and fertile sandy loam gentle slope, the slope to the north or northeast. Flat land with good drainage can also be planted. The black oil sand with soil layer above 30cm is the best. It is better to require abandoned land with low groundwater level or previous crops for corn, sorghum and beans. Cutting forest and planting ginseng, you can choose to reclaim mountain forest or abandoned slope land, the slope is less than 25 degrees. The seedling land should be mixed with sandy loam and humus soil. After selecting the land, firewood and straw can be used to burn the land in the conditional area, so as to eliminate diseases and insect pests and increase the fertility of mature soil. Ploughing the land from shallow to deep for more than 5 times can be carried out in spring, summer and autumn. Fertilization is mainly applied by pressing green manure and applying 2500~5000kg per mu, which can be combined with ploughing the land in summer. Other organic fertilizers can also be applied to the bottom layer when planting, or when transplanting. But it must be fully ripe fertilizer, otherwise it is susceptible to disease.

Ginseng avoid direct light, the border generally uses "Northeast Yang", or "early Yang", "dew Water Yang". Mountain slopes are often used as "Dongyang" or "Dongyang". Farmland border, the slope is small, the choice of "Yangkou" is not limited by the topography. "Northeast Yang" means that the angle of the bed surface is about 30 °north by east. In addition, different slopes also have great influence on the leaf area of Panax ginseng.

The planting time is from July to August, autumn sowing and spring sowing from September to October, border width 1.1m 1.2m, border height 23~26cm, border length 10m 20m, slightly turtle back shape, border spacing 1m 1.2m, slightly lower in sandy soil, high dry or arid areas. Remove stones, stubble and stems when making beds. The drawing line delineates the border orientation, commonly known as the "hanging string".

Planting method

Propagation method: seed propagation, usually using seedling transplanting method.

1. Raising seedlings

(1)。 Seed selection and seed treatment: 4 ~ 5-year-old ginseng plants with stout stems and disease-free insects were selected, and the small fruits in the inflorescence were removed when flowering and bearing green fruit. After the fruit was ripe, large seeds were selected for seed use. In the first ten days of August, the seeds were treated by stratification method, that is, a wooden frame with high 60cm, good drainage and sunny leeward was selected, the wooden frame with high 60cm, 1m wide and suitable length was placed on the ground, the bottom of the frame was covered with 20cm thick gravel, and the top was covered with 10cm thick fine sand, the seeds soaked in water were mixed evenly with the same amount of fine sand, then packed into the frame, about 10~20cm thick, and then covered with fine sand 10cm. Fill the outside of the frame firmly, cover the curtain or set up a shade to prevent the temperature from getting too high. From August to September, the temperature is controlled at about 15 ℃. The soil moisture is kept at 10: 15, and after 60-80 days, the seeds can be sown. If sowing in the next spring, the seeds can be mixed with sand into a jar, or buried outside and stored in a cold and dry place. Soak the seeds in cold water for about 2 days before sowing, and sow after fully absorbing water.

(2)。 Sowing: spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. Multi-row summer sowing and autumn sowing in the producing area. Summer sowing uses water seeds (seeds scrubbed from the fruit) to sow before sowing; before autumn sowing and soil freezing, the treated budding seeds are used and the seedlings emerge in the following spring after sowing; after spring sowing, the seeds treated in the first year are used to germinate and emerge in the same year after sowing. There are three sowing methods: sowing, on-demand sowing and strip sowing, but the sowing method is often used, with 30-40g budding seeds and 40g-50g water seeds per square meter. The row spacing of strip sowing is 6~7cm, and each row is sown with 50-60 seeds. The row-to-plant distance of the on-demand 5cm can be made of a wooden seeder. Sow 1-2 seeds in each hole. After sowing, the soil is covered with 5~6cm, and the border surface is covered with straw or grass to prevent the border surface from drying or soil erosion.

2. Transplanting

The cultivation system of ginseng production includes seedling years, growth years after transplanting and transplanting times. Transplanting is also called inverted transplanting, one transplanting at a time, and two inverted after another transplanting. At present, the traditional cultivation system of ginseng in China is basically divided into two kinds: one is inverted system, that is, transplanting once after raising seedlings, such as "three-three" system, "two-four" system, "three-four" system, and so on. Such as "2-2-2" system, "3-2-2 system", "3-2-3 system", "3-3-3 system" and so on. According to the characteristics that most of the ginseng areas in China are located in high and cold mountain areas and the growth period is short, the cultivation of common ginseng generally adopts "three-three" system or "two-four" system, while side-strip ginseng and stone column ginseng adopt two-inverted system.

At present, "two or three systems", "two or four systems" and "three or three systems" are commonly used, that is, raising seedlings for 2 years, harvesting 3-4 years after transplanting, or 3 years after transplanting.

(1)。 Transplanting period: it is generally carried out when the aboveground stems and leaves are withered and yellow in autumn and ends before the surface freezes. Transplanting in mountainous areas first planted shady sloping land, then sunny sloping land; first planted small seedlings, then planted large seedlings. Transplanting in spring should be carried out immediately after soil thawing.