Cultivation techniques of aconite, a traditional Chinese medicine

Land selection and preparation

The cultivation of aconite should choose ripe land or unripe wasteland with sunny terrain and good drainage. Purple soil, sandy soil and yellow soil are the best soil. Do not choose crops for Leguminosae, Solanaceae and Atractylodes macrocephala, raw land, Radix scrophulariae and other places to grow. Soil detoxification should be carried out on land where crop rotation is less than 6 years.

After selecting the land, remove the weeds and cultivated land according to the routine. The land that needs to be sterilized should be 2.5 kg per mu with 50% sterilization, 3.5 kg mixed with plant ash, sprinkled with soil, and then 3 ploughs and 3 rakes to make a bed of 1 meter wide and high. Use 2500 kg of plant ash and 75 kg of cruller per mu, mix well and turn into the border. Can also be planted with 1200-1600 kg per mu of human and animal manure water immersion hole, and each hole 1 pinch of calcium superphosphate, 20 kg per mu.

Planting aconite mostly choose purple red mud, oil sand, white soil, sand or yellow soil with deep, loose, fertile and well drained soil. Purple red mud and oil sand are the best. Avoid continuous cropping. The rotation takes rice and corn as the previous cropping. Generally, it is better to choose paddy fields that have not planted aconite in 3 years. After the rice harvest, dry the field water, make it fully mature and increase the fertility. Starting from the heavy snow, ploughing and harrowing many times, so that the soil is fine, loose and flat. After the soil preparation, the rope "tread on the bed". Step into a border with a width of 27 cm and a width of about 66 cm or 73 cm. The function of stepping on the border is to make the soil on the edge of the border firm, so as to avoid collapse after ditch management and during the growing period. After stepping on the border, the rotten compost (4000 kg of pig and cattle manure per mu, 50 kg of superphosphate and 50-100kg of cruller, mixed well and piled up for about 7 days) was sprinkled on the border, ploughed into the soil with hoe and fully mixed with the soil, and then the border surface was made into the back of the tortoise for planting.

Planting method

1. Seed cultivation and cultivation Aconitum monkshood is used as seed (aconite is called aconite in Sichuan), aconitum is propagated sexually or asexually, wild aconitum mainly depends on sexual reproduction, and aconitum is cultivated for multi-purpose asexual reproduction.

(1) seed selection: there are many varieties of aconitum. After identification and screening, the following three varieties with strong stress resistance, high yield and good quality have been retained.

Pumpkin leaf: also known as goose palm leaf, top leaf shaped like pumpkin leaf, large root, conical, high processing rate, fertilizer tolerance, late maturity, high yield. However, the disease resistance is poor, and the yield is stable under the condition of comprehensive control of white silk disease. The average yield of aconite per plant was 6.5, the average yield per mu was 42000, and the average yield of aconite was 490kg per mu. In the promotion and demonstration, the yield of pumpkin leaf aconitum is 23.6-55.2% higher than that of the local mixed population, which is the mainstream species in the current producing areas.

Raspberry leaves: stout stems, dense nodes, blue-green basal leaves, large stem leaves, dark green, thinly leathery, 3-cleft, large gaps in the whole lobes, final segments linear lanceolate, tuber spindle-shaped, aconite yield 6.3per plant, average yield 52000 per mu, aconite average yield 456.6 kg per mu, disease resistance is stronger than pumpkin leaves, yield is higher and stable.

Flower leaves: also known as moxa leaves. The top leaf extends upward, the leaf is thick, strong paper, the leaf surface is yellowish green, no gloss, the leaf vein is exposed and rough, the leaf is 3-parted, the base is truncate or cuneate, the deep lobe is deeply divided, and the ultimate lobe is lanceolate-elliptic. The root is conical, the yield of aconite per plant is 3.2, the average yield per mu is 27700, and the average yield of aconite is 368.3 kg per mu. Although the yield is low, it is more resistant to disease.

When collecting and digging aconitum, cut off the long fibrous root, retain about 1.5 cm, and remove Jiao Ba, water swirl and missing bud seed root, which is divided into 3 grades according to large, medium and small. The largest grade 1 and the smallest grade 3 root remain as aconitum species in the mountain area, and the medium and large grade 2 transport dam area as aconite species. The root tubers of aconitum can be planted immediately or spread out indoors for a short time before planting.

(2) planting: Sichuan in mid-December and Shaanxi in early November. Before planting, use 50% bacillus 0.5 kg, urea 0.5 kg, water 250 kg, soak the seed root for 3 hours. Hole planting. The row spacing of the first class seed root was 17 cm, the depth of the hole was 12-15 cm, 3 rows per row, staggered arrangement, 1 in each hole, 12760 per mu, 13 cm in each row, 7-10 cm in depth, 4 rows in each row, 1 in each hole and 20 000 in each mu. When planting, plant 10-15% more seed roots between rows for seedling replenishment. Cover the soil and level the bed after planting.

(3) harvesting, storage and transportation of Aconitum: harvested and dug after the Beginning of Winter in the second year of Aconitum planting. Cut off the long whisker root, pack it in bamboo baskets and plant it in the dam area in time. It should not be put for a long time to avoid decay. Do not get caught in the sun or rain during transportation to prevent fever and mildew. After 1-2 days in the dam area, those who cannot be planted in time should be spread out in a cool and dry place covered with grass, about 4.5 cm thick, and be turned over at any time to prevent fever. The storage time shall not exceed 7 days.

2. Aconite was planted from heavy snow to the Winter Solstice in Sichuan, and it was suitable to be planted in the first 6-10 days of the Winter Solstice. The seedlings developed neatly and healthily, the root tuber grew fast, the size was large and the yield was high. Planted in Shaanxi after the beginning of winter. When planting, in the middle of the finished border, use a wooden printing rake to open the wrong hole, 66 cm wide 2 rows, 73 cm wide 3 rows, 17 cm apart. Then the seed roots are planted according to large, medium and small. There were 1 large root, 1 middle root and 2 small root in each hole. The bud mouth is upward and slightly exposed, and then the roots are firmly planted by hand digging the soil. Every 10 points, plant 1-2 more outside the point, in order to replenish seedlings. For those who have two rows per plant, plant 0.85-10,000 per mu. Two plants with two rows or one row with three rows shall be planted with more than 12000 plants per mu. After planting, the soil in the furrow is raised to cover the root, which is about 7 cm thick, 20-24 cm deep and 27 cm wide. The ditch is required to be smooth and smooth to prevent stagnant water.

Field management

1. Seed field management

In early spring, 1000 kg of clear dung water per mu, or irrigation and mixing ditch water, to promote seedling emergence. After emergence, pull out the downy mildew plant in time, take aconitum seedlings between rows to replant, and apply clear dung water to facilitate survival. 1000-1500 kg of human and animal dung water or 10 kg of urea per mu were applied to raise seedlings before heading. Pull grass in early May, combined with topdressing, apply 1000-1500 kg of human and animal manure per mu, and clean up ditches and cultivate soil. When the seedling is 1 meter high, leave 11-12 basal leaves, remove the tip of the top bud, and then break off the axillary buds of section 1-2. After budding, combined with weeding, 25 kg of superphosphate and 1500 kg of mature compost were applied per mu, and the soil was cultivated after application.

In the first ten days of April, corn was sown on demand on the border surface according to 40 cm plant distance, leaving 2-3 seedlings per hole for shade. Attention should be paid to the prevention and control of white silk disease from May to August.

2. Field management of aconite planting.

The main results are as follows: (1) before the seedlings are unearthed, use bamboo rakes or double-toothed silk hooks to pick up large soil blocks and overly thick cover soil into the ditches, chop them up, and then cultivate them on the border surface to level the bottom of the ditches so as to keep them flat without stagnant water. Don't go too deep in the bed, so as not to hurt the buds. After the seedlings come out, the diseased plants are found and immediately removed and burned. It is better to replenish seedlings sooner rather than later.