Cultivation techniques of traditional Chinese Medicine Amomum villosum

Planting techniques:

1. Land selection and preparation

The newly reclaimed land with good shading conditions and convenient drainage and irrigation should be selected in the seedling land, and the wet, fertile and loose sandy loam is the best. Transplant site: the evergreen woodland on both sides of the valley stream ditch should be selected in the mountain area, and the slope facing south or southeast should be better; the plain should choose the land with drainage and irrigation conditions, and avoid heavy clay. The proper selection of environment is beneficial to the nest reproduction of pollinating insects, such as ribbon wasps, and provide good conditions for pollination.

The seedling land should be reclaimed one month before sowing, so that the soil is fully mature, ploughed and turned over before sowing, leveled and raked fine to make the bed. The transplanting site should be cleared one month before planting, cut down weeds and dwarf shrubs, retain a certain number of shaded trees, and replant when lacking. According to the topography, the mountain area should be opened into terraced fields and completely reclaimed; the hilly and plain areas should be ploughed and turned into beds with a width of about 2 meters, and irrigation ditches should be opened every certain distance. In order to preserve the trees around the transplant site, those who are insufficient should replant and plant some fruit trees that blossom and bear fruit earlier than Amomum villosum to attract pollinating insects.

two。 Provenance breeding

2.1 seed propagation is mainly used to improve varieties, which can cultivate a large number of seedlings in a short time, but it needs to be planted in the following year, which is one year later than ramet propagation.

Seed selection and seed treatment: in the high-yield population, select ears or fruits with many fruits, large grains, no diseases and insect pests, mature ears or fruits. Place the selected fresh fruit in the softer sun every day for 2-3 hours for 2 days, then peel off the peel, add the same amount of fine sand and a small amount of water for hammering until there is a clear aroma, then the water bleaches away the impurities, take out the seeds, dry a little before sowing.

Sowing: generally sowing in autumn. After seed collection, it will be carried out at the end of August or early September of that year, and the seedlings can be transferred and planted before May-June of the following year. If sown in the following spring, the seeds should be stored in wet sand. The germination rate of spring sowing is low. Sowing on demand or strip sowing according to the row spacing of 7 × 13 cm, then covered with fine soil 0.5-1 cm thick, and then covered with a layer of Osmunda or thatch, in order to preserve soil moisture and prevent Rain Water from losing seeds.

Planting: field planting is generally best from April to May. When planting from August to September, attention should be paid to irrigation. When planting, it is appropriate to take the seedlings near, cut off about 2 to 3 leaves in the lower part of the plant, and plant along with the cutting. Seedlings need to be transported over a long distance, should be placed in a wet place, often drenched in water, so as not to wither. The row spacing of the fixed plant is generally 0.6-1 m, the depth of the hole is 30 cm, the diameter of the hole is 30 cm, and the organic fertilizer such as rotten human and animal dung is applied, and the soil is covered 6-7 cm after planting, so that the top of the new stolon is exposed to the soil surface, and the hole surface should be lower than the ground. Generally, there are 400-1500 seedlings per mu. Cover the cave surface with grass after planting, and the dry weather should be watered or irrigated in time.

2.2 the seedlings with 1 or 2 newly germinated stolons should be selected for ramet propagation, and the ability of meristematic plants is strong. Strong and old seedlings can also be used as seedlings. In some areas, the method of "raising seedlings with seedlings" is adopted to propagate seedlings, that is, they are first raised with seeds, then planted in the seedling bed, and the tiller seedlings are dug from the seedling bed for planting the following year. The method of planting is the same as that of seedlings.

3. Field management

3.1 after sowing at seedling stage, sprinkle water according to weather conditions and keep the seedbed moist. After the seeds germinate, set up a movable shade shed in time, the shed is about 1 meter high, the shade degree is 70-80%, remove the covering grass on the seedbed. When the seedlings grow 4-5 leaves, combined with weeding and fertilization, frequently apply thin and rotten human feces and urine. Before overwintering, apply rotten cow dung, plant ash and so on. In areas where the temperature is low in winter, a windshield should be built when the wind blows. After the seedlings grow 7 leaves, gradually reduce the shade to exercise the seedlings, but not less than 50%.

3.2 after seedling replenishment and seedling cutting, it is found that there is a lack of seedlings and replanting in time to ensure a sufficient number of populations. In order to improve ventilation and light transmission conditions, reduce nutrient consumption, ensure robust plant growth, prevent rotten flowers and fruits, and increase fruit setting rate, seedlings should be cut in time according to the growth of the whole population. During the flowering and fruiting period, the seedlings should be cut less, and for the population that has borne fruit for many years and declined for many years, the seedlings should be cut more, which is beneficial to regeneration and rejuvenation. Usually cut seedlings twice a year, the first time should be cut less, which is beneficial to blossom and bear fruit. In the first and middle of February, the withered and diseased seedlings can be cut off about 10 centimeters from the ground and burned centrally. The second time should be cut more, which is beneficial to the growth of new seedlings. The withered and diseased seedlings and the old or delicate seedlings with only 6-8 leaves can be cut off from August to September. Generally, there are 25000 seedlings per mu in mountain areas and about 30, 000 seedlings in hills and plains.

3.3 weeding, irrigation and topdressing should be done frequently for 1-2 years. After blooming and fruiting, weeds should be removed twice a year, and the weeds should cover the ground. After heavy rain, the stagnant water should be removed in time. Where conditions permit, irrigation should be carried out in a timely manner. According to analysis, Amomum villosum plants need the most potassium, accounting for 58.42-79.04%, followed by nitrogen, phosphorus the least. Generally speaking, fertilization from February to March is mainly based on phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, such as superphosphate, plant ash, burning soil, organic fertilizer, etc., which is beneficial to the development of flower buds; from April to May, more burning soil is applied in the bud and flowering stage, and fruit protection fertilizer is applied in the period of young fruit formation from May to June. After fruit harvest and seedling cutting from August to September, organic fertilizer, such as mature human and animal feces and urine, soil miscellaneous fertilizer, etc., were applied to promote the growth of seedlings, and at the same time, we should do a good job of replenishing seedlings, restore population growth as soon as possible, promote flower bud differentiation, and create conditions for more flowering and fruiting in the following year.

3.4 soil cultivation and cold protection should cultivate the exposed stolon in time. In autumn tube, shade trees should not be thinned too much; before cold wave and frost, cover the plant with straw and smoke at the same time. In case of low temperature and dry wind, appropriate amount of water should be drenched or irrigated.

3.5 adjusting the degree of shade has a great influence on flowering and fruiting. To select suitable shade tree species, we must take measures according to local conditions, use local materials, and comprehensively consider the local tree species, altitude, topography and other factors. At present, the shade trees which are widely used in production and have better effect are Huagu, big-leaf Ma Luo, small-leaf Ma Luo, Red Bull milk fruit, Shuidong elder brother, duck foot wood, Taiwan Acacia and so on. Gaozhou, Guangdong and other places use litchi, mango, black olive, plantain and other cash crops, the effect is also good. Legume and other evergreen tree species with small leaves, sparse branches and leaves, open crown and deep roots should be retained in the reclamation of miscellaneous wood forest. If artificial afforestation is needed, plantains and edamame beans should be planted first, and then long-term shade trees should be planted.

3.6 due to the special morphological structure of Amomum villosum flower, few insect species can play a good pollination role in artificial pollination. Therefore, in places where there is a lack of pollinating insects, especially in new planting areas, the natural fruit rate of Amomum villosum is very low. At present, artificial pollination is an effective way to increase production. There are two methods commonly used in production.