Cultivation techniques of Pepper

Land selection and preparation

Pepper is afraid of ponding, so it should be planted on gentle slope, well-drained flat land and well-permeable soil. Pepper garden area should not be too large, generally 3-5 acres is appropriate. Pepper garden is best rectangular, east-west direction, surrounded by shelterbelt or retain the original forest belt. The garden should have a drainage system to remove stagnant water. The pepper garden is 2 meters away from the shelterbelt and 2.5 meters away from pepper. Large ditches are dug, about 100 cm wide and 80 cm deep. A longitudinal ditch is set every 15 plants in the garden, 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. Small ditches are set between the rows to make them communicate with each other, so as to facilitate drainage and reduce water damage and disease. planting method

1. reclamation

First draw a shelterbelt, then deeply plow 30 cm, remove tree stumps, roots, sundries, etc. in the garden. The slope is below 5°, and the field width is 6 meters. Two rows are planted. Small terraces with a slope of more than 5° are planted in one row. Dig a small drainage ditch inside the terrace. Ridge planting can also be adopted in flat land, gentle slope land and large terrace, which is beneficial to drainage and disease prevention. The planting hole is 80 cm wide and 60 cm deep, and the topsoil and subsoil are placed separately when digging the hole. After exposure for one month, return soil, apply fully decomposed, clean and finely divided organic fertilizer 30kg, calcium superphosphate 0.25- 0.5kg, fully mix with topsoil, step tightly, make mound, ready for planting.

2. pillar

Trees that provide pepper climbing growth are called live struts. The living pillars adopted include Erythrina, Pachydera, Oxtail, Sterculia, Areca nut, Coconut, Jackfruit, etc. The pruning and fertilization management should be paid attention to when using live prop. Another pillar is the stone pillar. Generally, the stem is 13- 15cm thick, the end is 10- 12cm thick, and the length is about 3m (including the buried part 70cm). And the size is more uniform. If the diameter of the pillar near the ground is less than 12 cm, it is easy to be broken by strong typhoons.

3. propagation and breeding

Good cuttings are adopted for planting, the plants grow fast, bear fruit early, yield high and live long.

Good cutting standards: length 30-40 cm, 5-7 nodes; vine age 4-6 months, thick 0.6 cm or more; aerial roots developed, and are "rooted"; cutting top two nodes each with a branch and 10-15 leaves, axillary buds fully developed; no diseases and insect pests and mechanical damage. Generally, cut the main vine according to the requirements of plastic shape, immediately cut the cuttings according to the standard, and the incision should be smooth to prevent cracking. Cuttings should be cut and dipped in water, placed in a cool place, ready for seedling or direct planting. Nursery land should be selected good drainage, deep sandy soil layer. Nursery around to dig drainage ditches, from the ridge height of 25 cm, 1 m wide, ridge surface to be flat. When seedling raising, the inclined plane of 50° is opened according to the row spacing of 20 cm, the cuttings are arranged on the inclined plane according to the plant spacing of 10 cm, so that the aerial roots are closely attached to the soil, the top two nodes of the cuttings are exposed to the ground, and after covering the soil, they are compacted, and then they are showered with sufficient water and shaded, and the shade degree is about 90%. Keep it hydrated until it survives. Cuttings can be cultivated for about a month.

4. colonization

（1）. Planting density and period. Generally, the plant spacing is 2×2.5 meters. Fertile soil can be used 2×3 meters, lean land can be used 2×2 meters. Planting in spring and autumn is more suitable. Planting should be carried out on cloudy and sunny afternoons. It is not suitable for planting when the soil moisture is too high.

（2）. Planting methods. The planting direction should be consistent with the terraces. When planting, it is 20cm away from the column, 30cm deep, 50° inclined surface and compacted. When planting single seedlings, the seedlings are placed against the column; when planting double seedlings, the seedlings are placed against the column in an "eight" shape. 1-2 nodes of each seedling are exposed to the soil surface, the root system of the seedling is closely attached to the inclined plane, evenly distributed and naturally extended, then covered with soil and compacted, 5kg of decomposed organic fertilizer is applied to both sides of the seedling, and then the soil is returned to make a mound with a bottom shape in the middle, covered with grass, shaded and showered with sufficient root fixing water. 80%-90% shade is suitable. Drench once 1-2 days after planting, and gradually reduce after survival. Keep shade for one year after planting. Do not let the sun damage the pepper head and cause seedling death. If there are dead plants after planting, they should be replanted in time. Pepper seedlings out of the new vine, to plant pillars in time. In addition, pay attention to loosening, weeding, fertilizing and tying vines.

5. management maintenance

(1) Fertilization management

(a) Fertilization of young pepper should be based on water and fertilizer containing more nitrogen, combined with organic fertilizer and a small amount of chemical fertilizer, and implement the principle of frequent and thin application and more application in peak season. Organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are applied in spring. 30kg of decomposed cow dung compost and 0.5kg of calcium superphosphate were applied to each plant, and the holes were enlarged and soil improved when fertilization was combined. Alternate hole application on both sides of plant and adaxial side of pepper head. The first fat hole is on the side of pepper head, and the inner wall of the hole is 60 cm away from pepper head, so that the fat hole is connected with the planting hole. The fat hole is 30 cm wide, 80-100 cm long and 70 cm deep. When fertilizing, choose to return the topsoil to half of the hole, then apply fertilizer, fully mix the topsoil and fertilizer, compact when returning the soil, and slightly higher than the ground to prevent water accumulation in the fertilizer hole. Hole enlargement and soil improvement should be completed before plant capping and flowering.

(b) During normal growth period, water and fertilizer should be applied every 20-30 days. Water and fertilizer are made up of human and animal excrement and urine and green leaves. 2-3 kg per plant for one year old pepper. If the concentration of water and fertilizer is low, 0.2 kg compound fertilizer can be added per load. Water and fertilizer are usually applied alternately on the front and sides of the plant. Before each vine cutting, better quality water and fertilizer and 0.1kg compound fertilizer were applied once to promote plant growth. In winter, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied. Potassium and compound fertilizers should be applied. 0.1 kg per plant, can also be applied with fire soil, 10-15 kg per plant, to improve the cold resistance of plants.

(c) Fertilization of fruiting trees: it should be carried out according to the nutrient requirements of each phenological period of pepper flowering and fruiting. Fertilization is generally applied 4-5 times per fruiting cycle. The fertilizer application amount per plant is roughly: cow dung or compost 30- 40kg, cake fertilizer 1kg, water fertilizer 40- 50kg, urea 0.2- 0.3kg, calcium superphosphate 1.5kg, potassium chloride 0.4kg, compound fertilizer 1kg.

(2) Integral pruning

The main pepper planting areas in China generally adopt the shaping method of leaving 6-8 vines and shearing 4-5 vines. After planting 2-3 years, the top is put into production and the yield is relatively high.

Small and medium-sized pepper pumping new vines, redundant buds and vines should be cut off in time. Results When the crown of pepper is too big and the branches are too dense, the old and weak branches and excessive branches at the top must be cut off, and the branches with too long periphery must be cut short to keep the balance between the top and bottom of the crown, keep the size consistent, ventilate and transmit light, so as to make full use of light energy and reduce the occurrence of diseases.

(3) Binding vines and picking flowers