High-yield cultivation techniques of Eucommia ulmoides

Eucommia ulmoides is used as medicine with bark, which is sweet and warm. Return to the liver and kidney meridians. It has the effect of tonifying liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, and calming the fetus. For kidney deficiency and low back pain, weakness of muscles and bones, blood leakage of pregnancy, restlessness of fetal movement, hypertension. The main producing areas are Hubei, Shaanxi, Anhui and other provinces and regions.

First, morphological characteristics of deciduous trees, 10-12 meters high. Branches, leaves, bark and pericarp contain rubber, and there are many silver filaments after breaking, so it is commonly known as "pulling silk bark". Bark gray, branchlets light brown, with small and conspicuous lenticels. Buds subovate, scaly. Leaves alternate shortly stipitate. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 6-13 cm long and 3.5-7 cm wide, apex long acuminate, base rounded or broadly cuneate, margin serrate, sometimes slightly hooked. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, without perianth, first leaves open in spring or at the same time as leaves, born at the base of leaflets. Male bracts spatulate-Obovate, stamens 6-10, anthers striate, filaments very short; female flowers shortly pedicellate, ovary narrow and long, apical with a binary style. Samara flat and thin, long oval, apex notched. 1 seed.

Second, most of the seedlings are propagated by seeds. However, for the areas with lack of provenances, asexual reproduction is also a shortcut to obtain high-quality and healthy seedlings with low investment and quick results. Seven rapid breeding methods of asexual reproduction are introduced in this paper.

Root insertion propagation makes use of the thicker root system trimmed at seedling initiation, which is cut into segments of 7 cm and 10 cm long. first, a wood awl which is thicker than the root segment is used in the cone hole of the seedling bed, and then the lower end of the root segment is inserted into the hole, and the thick section is slightly exposed to the ground. it was watered once before sunrise and in the evening, and the new seedlings sprouted from cross-section callus or root skin after 40 days.

The root of Eucommia ulmoides has a strong ability to sprout. Every year from March to April or after autumn, according to the growth position of Eucommia ulmoides root, the surface layer is removed, the root of finger size is selected, the root bark is cut with a knife, and the soil is cultured at the cut site. After the cut site, new roots and new seedlings grow. After the seedling grows to 60 cm, the root is cut off, the seedling is dug up, and the seedling is transplanted to the woodland for planting.

In spring and March, Eucommia ulmoides with a litter of two or more trees, except for a main pole, cut off 1/2 of the other plants from the tree, and cut a small trench 16 cm deep in the ground, depending on the length of the tree, then slowly crush the tree in the trench, cut a cut every 20 cm, cultivate the soil (expose the opening and the tip of the tree), and take strips from the mouth to grow fibrous roots two months later. In the coming year, the whisker root of the excavated belt can be cut off and it can be transplanted.

After the seedlings of Eucommia ulmoides are cut down, many new branches will sprout. In April, in the place where the branches are close to the tree, cut a few cuts with a knife, and then cultivate the tree with soil, so that a lot of fibrous roots can grow on the opening that year, and will be removed and transplanted next year.

High-altitude strips are propagated in March to April or June to July every year. Branches born in 2023 and about 1 cm in diameter are selected on the tree, cut into wounds with a knife, and then loaded with plastic film or split bamboo tube to cover the cut parts of the branches, and then tied up with ropes to prevent loosening, and often keep wet leap. After about 30 days, the cut treatment site will grow new roots, 60 days later in the lower part of the ligature branch cut off, moved to the woodland for planting.

Dormant branch cuttings were selected from one-year-old branches without diseases and insect pests, cut in April, and then cut into segments of 15 cm long with 3 lateral buds retained. The lower part was put into 100ppm's ABT rooting powder solution, soaked for 2 hours, then picked up, tapered holes in the seedling bed with wood cones, and the branches were inserted into the bed surface. If you spray water once in the morning, it will take root in 40-60 days. Then, the management of topdressing and weeding will be strengthened, and it can be transplanted after one year, with a survival rate of more than 95%.

From June to August, the sturdy branches of the same year were selected and cut into small segments with 3 lateral buds, and the top bud leaves of each segment were not removed, then put them into 100ppm's ABT rooting powder solution and soaked for 1-2 hours, then inserted into the seedbed with the same method of dormant branches, the upper leaves were exposed, and then set up a shade shed above the seedbed, watering each morning and evening once a month, but the spraying of water could be gradually reduced after the root system was formed. But the bed must be kept moist. The best time for softwood cutting is in the morning. It has the characteristics of high survival rate and fast rooting.

For Eucommia ulmoides planted under the same condition and soil preparation method, the experimental comparison in November of the first year showed that the height of the truncated newborn tree reached 1 to 1.5 meters, and the ground unexpectedly reached 2.5 meters, and the ground diameter of Eucommia ulmoides increased slightly; for Eucommia ulmoides planted for 2 years, the height of the truncated plant was generally more than 2 meters, the ground diameter was 3.5 cm, the height of the uncut plant was less than 30 cm, and the ground diameter was only about 2 cm. The root system of uncut Eucommia ulmoides was underdeveloped and its growth ability was weak, while cutting off dry Eucommia ulmoides had an obvious effect on accelerating the rapid growth of young trees.

The method of cutting off the dry: after preparing the ground, plant the Eucommia ulmoides seedlings from December to January of the following year, cut off the main stem of the Eucommia ulmoides seedlings 3cm away from the ground in February (before the new buds germinate), and then insert the cut pole in the same place to sit the sign (record). It can sprout in the middle of April, more than 15 days earlier than the uncut ones.

After years of experiments, it is found that the cutting dry of the seedlings planted in the first year in the second year is better than that in the same year, and the dry cutting at the bottom is better than that at the high level. But the management should be done well, when the seedling pile germinates more than 30 cm, multiple branches and buds should be excluded in time, and only one main bud should be selected as the trunk cultivation, but the spring and summer at the base of the new trunk should not be erased to prevent the exuberant upper leaves, resulting in sagging treetops and bending of the trunk, which can gradually cut off the attached branches, diseased branches and oblique branches in the lower part of the trunk in the second and third year after planting, which is conducive to the straight and sturdy growth of the trunk.