High-yield cultivation techniques of Chinese nutgall

Gallnut is a gall insect parasitized by some aphids of the family APHIDAE on some plants of the genus Euphorbia of the family Lacqueraceae. It has the effects of detumescence, disinfection, antisepsis, hemostasis and analgesia. Gallnut tannins are widely used in metal anti-corrosion, rare metal extraction, synthetic fiber printing and dyeing, food industry, pharmaceutical industry, medicine and health and chemical analysis. According to the different summer host plants can be divided into: parasitic on the horn times, round times, red flowers and so on. Parasitic on red bran poplar, green bran poplar, Coptis chinensis on Coptis chinensis wood.

Morphological characteristics

1. Gallnut aphid migration in autumn (winged parthenogenetic aphid): the body is oval, 2.1 mm long, 0.74 mm wide and grayish black. The body surface is smooth, there are longitudinal lines on the top of the head, and there are obvious horizontal lines on the back of the head. The antennae are 5, the third is the longest, and the beak is short. There are 3 pairs with tile pattern. The abdomen is slightly conical and lacks ventral canal. The tail piece is steamed smooth and the tail plate is semicircular. Wing 2 pairs, transparent, front wing has oblique vein 4 branches, midvein unbifurcated, wing nevus grows, showing sickle shape, extending to the top of wing; hind wing has oblique vein 2 branches. Sexual aphids: female aphids are oval, light brown. The primary body is 0.5-0.56 mm in length and 0.26-0.27 mm in width. The body of male aphid is long oval, narrower than female aphid, light green in color, 0.39-0.45 mm in length and 0.17-0.21 mm in width. The mouthparts of both female and male aphids degenerated. Dry mother: body length oval, dark brown, first birth body length 0.26-0.38 mm, width 0.13-0.19 mm.

2. The summer host plant is a deciduous tree or shrub with a height of 2-10 meters. Bark grayish brown, branchlets densely rusty pilose. Leaves pinnately compound, alternate. Panicles, much branched; female inflorescences shorter, flowers green-white; male flowers, calyx lobes long-ovate, petals Obovate-oblong. Infructescences erect, drupe oblate, red at maturity.

Populus tomentosa is a deciduous tree with a height of 5-8 meters. Bark rough, grayish brown, branchlets glabrous. Leaves singular-pinnate, alternate, leaflets 7-9, orchard panicle terminal, flowers white, inflorescences drooping, drupe subglobose, red when mature.

Red bran poplar is a deciduous tree or small tree with grayish brown bark and puberulent branchlets. Leaves odd-pinnate, orchard panicle terminal, densely pilose; flowers small, white, anthers purple; calyx 5-lobed, petals 5, inflorescences pendulous, drupe subglobose, dark purplish red at maturity, densely pilose, seeds small.

3. The lateral branches of the winter host plant are clustered, the body is short, the stem is erect, there are many false roots at the base, and the apex is clustered with leaves. Leaf blade is elliptic tongue-shaped, with several transverse ripples, the apex is round and pure. Male and female guide plants, sporophyte mostly clustered; capsule spreading or pendulous, ovate-long-elliptic; capsule conical.

1. The reasons for the formation of gallnut

Gallnut is a general term for galls formed by Chinese nutgall aphids parasitic on salt-skinned wood plants. When the young buds of salt-skinned wood plants germinated in early spring, the dry mother stabbed the young cells of the host with piercing mouthparts on the leaf wing or the main axis of compound leaves, and secreted saliva containing a large amount of enzymes to soak into the cambium to stimulate cell division and increase its number. protruding to the upper surface of the leaf to form a gametophyte prototype. After Ganm grows in the gall, the viviparous dry female generation begins, the insect population increases gradually, the stimulation also increases, and the nutgall increases gradually. The development of gallnut was slow in the early stage and rapid in the later stage. The embryonic type of gallnut is light green, continues to develop into dark green, and changes to red and rose when it is ripe.

Second, establish gallnut base

1. According to the reasons for the formation of gallnut, we can establish a gallnut production base where the growth conditions of gallnut adapt. Choose the semi-shady hillside with a large number of mosses in the lower layer, on both sides of the river, and where the upper layer can naturally produce a small amount of gallnut, and plant a large number of salt wood, red bran poplar and green bran poplar.

2. Many of the protected winter host mosses are the winter hosts of APHIS, and their growth directly affects the number of aphids in spring. Therefore, we protect and cultivate a large number of mosses under the five-fold forest, such as salt wood, red bran poplar, green bran poplar and so on, so as to create overwintering conditions for double aphids.

3. The preservation of gallnut is formed by the parasitic reproduction of APHIS gossypii on the double tree. Therefore, we should pay attention to keeping seeds when harvesting, leaving 1-2 big nutgall seeds on each tree for seed. If the gallnut is allowed to burst naturally, the aphids will naturally migrate to the moss host plant to survive the winter, and then fly back to the gall tree for parasitic reproduction next spring to produce gallnut.

Harvesting and processing of gallnut

Gallnut gradually changed from turquoise to green or onion white, and the sunny dough was bright red or reddish. Mature gallnuts are large, high tannin content and good quality, so they should be harvested at the right time. The fresh harvest should be dried or dried in time and then it can be sold.