High-yield cultivation techniques of Panax ginseng

Ginseng, alias gavel. Take medicine with underground root, mainly treat critical cases such as deficiency of qi, shortness of breath, exhaustion of pulse, etc., and symptoms such as shortness of breath, dizziness, impotence, thirst elimination, women's metrorrhagia and so on. Mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other provinces and regions.

The morphological characteristics are perennial herbs of Araliaceae. The plant height is 10cm to 60cm. The main root is cylindrical or fusiform, fleshy, much branched at the lower end, only 0.5 × 3 cm, and the outer skin is yellowish white. The rhizome is very short, generally proliferating a section every year, commonly known as ginseng Reed head. General biennial seedlings have stems, stems erect, cylindrical, smooth glabrous, green. Palmately compound leaves whorled with stem apex, varying in number according to plant age; petiole long; leaflets generally palmately 5-shaped, basal one pair of leaflets smallest, upper three leaflets nearly equal in size; leaf blade elliptic to long elliptic, apex acuminate, base cuneate, margin sharply serrate, umbel terminal, pedicel with green bracts at base; calyx campanulate, light green. 5 cleft, 5 petals, ovate, apex obtuse, white around, light green in the middle; 5 stamens, filaments short, anther moment round, white, T-shaped; pistil 1, style base connected, upper part separated, stigma 2-lobed, ovary inferior, 2-loculed. Drupe, oblate, green, bright red when mature, containing 2 round seeds, short kidney-shaped seeds, about 4mm in diameter, yellowish white, with different wrinkles and texture

First, growth habits. Ginseng likes a cold, humid environment. Cold-resistant, afraid of high temperature, avoid direct sunlight, afraid of drought. Like to oblique or scatter light. Strict requirements on the soil, suitable for the growth of deep soil, loose and fertile, rich in organic matter in neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam, clay, saline-alkali soil are not easy to grow.

Second, soil preparation and fertilization. Choose warm slopes that are leeward to the sun and well drained. In the previous crop, corn, sorghum and soybeans were better, intensive cultivation, combined with soil preparation, applying sufficient basic fertilizer: 5000 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer, 15 kg of urea and 50 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer per mu. Then make a 1.2-meter-wide bed {in the shape of a tortoise back} and wait for sowing.

Third, sow seeds. Ginseng propagates with seeds. It is divided into three steps: sprouting, seedling raising and transplanting. The sowing time is divided into spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. Sprouting. Ginseng seeds have post-ripening period and germinate for a long time, so ginseng seeds must be germinated. When sprouting, first soak the ginseng seeds with 25% carbendazim 500 times solution for 20 minutes, take out and mix well with two portions of moist clean fine river sand, put them into a moderate wooden box and put them into indoor germination. The room temperature is between 5 ℃ and 20 mol. Check frequently, the seeds can be split in about two months, and sow in the next spring. After the cracking of ginseng seed, it takes about two months to mature physiologically, release body sleep and germinate normally under the condition of low temperature of 0muri 5 degrees. At present, the sand reservoir treated with hormone {K}, BA and gibberellin 50--100PPm for 24 hours can replace low temperature treatment, and the effect is remarkable. Raise seedlings. Spread the germinated ginseng seeds evenly on the finished border surface. Loosen the soil layer so that the soil cover has no seeds. Then cover the border with a layer of weeds or crop straw to preserve soil moisture and facilitate seedling emergence. After the ginseng seedlings were planted, the field management should be strengthened and the ginseng would be transplanted after growing for 3 years. Use 30 grams of budding seeds or 40 grams of fresh seeds per square meter. Transplant. Ginseng is mostly planted in autumn. That is, after the aboveground stems and leaves of Panax ginseng were withered and yellow in autumn, the underground ginseng seedlings were planed and planted on the whole border surface according to the row spacing of 25 × 12 cm. Watering to preserve soil moisture, in order to survive.

Fourth, field management. Because ginseng is afraid of direct sunlight and likes to scatter light, it is necessary to build a shed for shade. At present, a small plastic bow shed is often used to cover a thin straw curtain on the bow shed. It not only keeps the temperature, light, humidity, wind speed and other microclimate in the shed, but also can be adjusted manually. After ginseng seedlings, attention should be paid to ploughing and weeding. Water in time in dry weather, pay attention to drainage in cloudy and rainy weather. Due to the long growth time of ginseng, the Beginning of Autumn should be topdressing once every year: 10 kg urea per mu and 10 kg potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu. A layer of soil fertilizer should be sprinkled on the border in winter. After the budding of ginseng, except for the remaining plants, the buds should be removed to prevent nutrient consumption.

Fifth, pest prevention and control. The main diseases of ginseng are blight, spot disease, blight and sclerotior. comprehensive control measures are often adopted for prevention and control: 1. Soil disinfection: 75% pentachloronitrobenzene powder 3 kg per mu is used for soil disinfection treatment. 2. Seed disinfection: ginseng seeds were sterilized with 50% carbendazim 500 times solution for 3 hours. 3. Spray with 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 120 Bordeaux solution before the onset of the disease. Or in the early stage of the disease, spray control with 50% carbendazim 500 murine 1000 times solution. Once a week, three times in a row. Underground pests are trapped and killed with phoxim and poison bait.

Sixth, harvest and processing. Ginseng is generally harvested for 6 years. When the aboveground stems and leaves are withered and yellow in autumn, dig out the underground roots of Panax ginseng, remove the stems and leaves, remove the soil, and fumigate with sulfur for 12 hours. Sun-dried or dried, both raw ginseng. Can also be processed into red ginseng, sugar ginseng for sale. The yield is 250 kg per mu.