Cultivation techniques of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is a plant of the family Compositae, and the dried rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz is used for medicinal purposes, which is also named after Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz and so on. It has the functions of tonifying spleen and stomach, dryness and diuresis, stopping sweating and calming the fetus and so on. It is mainly produced in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Henan, Anhui, Sichuan, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian and other provinces.

(1) morphological characteristics

Herbs perennial, 30m tall, 80cm tall. The rhizome is thick and thick, slightly fist-shaped, grayish yellow, the stem is erect, the base is Lignification. Leaves alternate, the lower part of the stem has a long stalk, leaf blade 3-parted or pinnately 5-parted, margin with spiny teeth; upper stem petiole gradually shorter, leaf blade undivided, oval or ovate-lanceolate. Inflorescences solitary and large at the tip of branches; involucral bracts 7 in 8 layers, surrounded by a leafy involucre pinnately parted at base; flowers mostly borne on flat receptacle, all tubular flowers, Corolla purple; fruit oblong-elliptic, slightly flat, surface tomentose, Corolla pinnate. Flowering from July to September and fruiting from September to November.

(2) growth habits

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz likes cool climate and is afraid of high temperature and humidity. The suitable temperature for rhizome growth is 26 ℃. The fastest period of rhizome expansion is from mid-August to late September.

Seeds are easy to germinate, and the optimum temperature for germination is about 20 ℃, and it needs more water, and the water absorption is generally 4 times of seed weight. The life span of seeds is 1 year.

(3) cultivation techniques

1. For land selection and preparation, select sandy soil with good drainage, high slope and cool ventilation, applying 3000 kg of farm manure per mu as base fertilizer (no farm manure and more chemical fertilizer), 70 kg of phosphate fertilizer (diammonium 25) and 30 kg of nitrogen fertilizer. 40-60 kg of three-element compound fertilizer (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) can also be applied directly. Turn 20 cm deep, rake flat and fine, make a border 1.2 meters wide, combine soil disinfection when soil preparation, avoid continuous cropping.

2. the method of reproduction is propagated by seeds, and the method of raising seedlings and transplanting is mainly used in production.

(1) raising seedlings

Select the new species with full seeds and no diseases and insect pests, soak them in warm water of 25 ℃ 30 min for 12 hours (add carbendazim in the water to prevent diseases), fish out and dry slightly, sow or sow. Before sowing, spray water on the border first, after the underwater infiltration surface dries slightly, press the row spacing 15 cm, open the ditch to sow, the ditch depth is 4 mi 6 cm, the sowing width is 7 mi 9 cm, the bottom of the ditch should be flat, cover the soil after sowing, slightly suppress, use about 8 kg of seeds per mu, the temperature is suitable, and seedlings emerge about 10 days after sowing. Before transplanting in winter in the south, transplanting in spring in the north.

(2) transplanting

It is better to choose technical planting with no leaves and blossoms, strong main buds and small and neat rhizomes. Cut off the fibrous root, open a ditch with a depth of 10 cm according to the row spacing of 25 cm, and arrange the planting in the trench according to the plant spacing of about 15 cm, with the bud tip facing up and level with the ground. After planting, there was a slight suppression on both sides, and after all the planting was finished, the water was watered again. Generally, about 100 kilograms of fresh plants are needed per mu.

3. Field management

The main results are as follows: (1) after the seedlings are unearthed, the seedlings should be weeded in time and the seedlings should be planted at a distance of 4ml / 6cm. If the weather is dry, it can be watered in the morning and evening to fight drought. If bolting and budding are found in the later stage of growth, they should be removed in time.

(2) after the field management seedlings are unearthed, there are many weeds in the field, and weeding should be done diligently in the middle ploughing, deeper in the first few ploughing, and shallow hoeing afterwards. After the middle of May, the plant enters the peak growth period, generally no longer ploughing, if there are weeds between plants, can be pulled out by hand. The plant begins to bud in the middle of June, and the buds are usually removed in batches from budding to flowering in the early and middle of July (except for the remaining seed area). Bud removal is beneficial to improve the yield and quality of Atractylodes macrocephala rhizome. During the growth period of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, sufficient water is needed, especially in the period of rhizome expansion, and should be irrigated in time in case of drought. If the stagnant water after rain should be drained in time. Before and after budding, topdressing can be done once, and 20 kg of urea and 30 kg of compound fertilizer per mu are applied in the furrow between rows, and then covered with soil and watered. One week after bud picking, topdressing can be done again. It should be noted that field operations such as weeding, loosening soil, fertilization and bud picking should be carried out after the dew is dry.

4. Pest control

There are many diseases and insect pests in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.

The main results are as follows: (1) Rhizoctonia solani is easy to occur at low temperature and high humidity, and it often happens in the field, causing damage to the rhizome. Control method: reduce the humidity in the field; at the initial stage of the disease, 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution was used to irrigate.

(2) Iron leaf disease is also called leaf blight. It started in April, especially from June to August, causing damage to leaves. Methods of prevention and treatment: remove the diseased plants; use 1 ∶ 1 ∶ Bordeaux solution at the initial stage of the disease, preferably spraying continuously for a week; thoroughly remove the bacteria; spray with 50% topiramate or carbendazim 1000 times solution in the later stage.

(3) White silk disease is also called root rot disease. The onset period is the same as above, causing damage to the rhizome. Control methods: rotation with Gramineae crops; removal of diseased plants and disinfection of disease holes with raw lime powder; soil disinfection with Trichoderma harzianum before planting.

(4) Root rot is also called root rot. The onset period is the same as above, especially when the humidity is high, causing damage to the roots. Control methods: breeding disease-resistant varieties; rotation with Gramineae crops, or flood-drought rotation; soaking seeds with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution for 10 minutes before planting; watering the disease area with 50% carbendazim or 50% methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease. In areas where underground pests are seriously damaged, 1500 times liquid dimethoate or 800 times liquid trichlorfon can be irrigated.

(5) the rust began in May and damaged the leaves. Prevention and treatment methods: clean the countryside; spray with 1000 times solution at the initial stage of the disease.

(4) harvesting and processing

From late October to mid-November, when the stems and leaves of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz began to wither, dig out the roots and cut off the stems. The temperature is low in winter and it is difficult to dry, so it can be cut into slices to dry. Most of them use drying, the initial firepower can be fiercer, and the temperature can be controlled between 90-100 ℃. When there is water vapor, cool it to 60 ℃, turn it up and down once in 3 hours, bake it again for 3 hours, remove the muggy pile of "perspiration" for 6 days when the beard root is dry, let the internal water seep out to the surface, and then bake for 6 hours, when the temperature is controlled between 50 ℃ and 60 ℃, turn it once in 3 hours, and when baking to 80% dry, take out the stuffy pile and sweat again for 10 days, then dry it again. And rub the stump and fibrous root. The product is a big meat thick, no tall stem, no root, no worm-eaten person is better.

(5) seed retention techniques

The remaining seeds of Atractylodes macrocephala can be divided into plant selection and slice selection, and the former can improve the seed purity. Generally from July to August, those with strong plants, small branches, large leaves and flattened buds are selected as the remaining mother plants. It is better to remove late or early blooming buds and leave 5 Mel 6 buds per plant. Seeds were collected in the first and middle of November. Dig up the plant and cut off the underground rhizome on a sunny day, tie the aboveground part into small handfuls, hang it upside down under the eaves for 20-30 days, then ripen it, thresh, remove the hairs and shrunken seeds, put it in a cloth bag or gunny bag, and store it in a ventilated and cool place. Note that the seeds of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz should not be exposed for a long time, otherwise the germination rate will be reduced.