Cultivation techniques of aconite

Aconite, also known as aconite, Chuanwu, commonly known as aconite, is the root processing product of Aconitum, a perennial herb of Ranunculaceae. The lateral root attached to the main root is called aconite. The large one is processed into a variety of aconite and salt aconite for medicinal purposes, and the smaller one is called Rhizoma Aconitum. After the system, it can be used as medicine. The main root is called Caowu when it is dried in the sun, and it can also be used as a bad raw material for brewing yellow rice wine. Aconite has pungent taste and toxic heat, and has the functions of strengthening heart, warming yang, dispelling cold and dampness. The main treatment is cold sweat from dying yang, convulsive limbs, dying pulse, deficiency of kidney yang, failure of life door fire, fear of cold limbs, sore waist and weak feet, impotence, frequent urination, cold and dampness, and pain in bone joints all over the body. Raw products are highly toxic and cannot be taken internally without processing. Mainly produced in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Yunnan, Gansu, Hubei and other provinces have also been successfully introduced in recent years.

Plant characteristics

Monkshood belongs to perennial herbs of Ranunculaceae, having tuberous roots, erect stems, 60-150 cm tall, dark brown bark; leaves alternate, stipitate, often triparted or palmately divided, margin serrated. Racemes narrow-long, apical blue-purple flowers from July to September, sepals 5, petaloid, upper sepals broad and high galeate. The fruit is 13-16 cm long and contains fine seeds.

I. growth habits

Fuzi has strong adaptability, although the requirements of climatic conditions are not strict, but like to grow in cool environmental conditions, afraid of high temperature, have a certain degree of cold resistance. Aconite requires sufficient light and should be cultivated in sunny plots with sufficient sunshine, exuberant photosynthesis, less diseases and high yield. But in the later stage of growth, the high temperature and strong light could not grow normally, and even withered and died. It can be cultivated in plains or mountainous areas with annual rainfall of 800mm to 1400mm, annual average temperature of 13.7mm to 16.3mm and sunshine hours of 9001500h.

II. Land selection and land preparation

Aconite has relatively strict requirements for soil, which is suitable for the cultivation of sandy loam soil with deep, fertile, loose soil and convenient drainage and irrigation. Clayey soil, low-lying flooded land, coarse-grained sand land with poor performance of water and fertilizer conservation should not be planted. Avoid continuous cropping, generally choose plots that have not planted aconite for more than three years, or plots where the previous crops are rice, wheat, corn, sugarcane and other gramineous crops. After the former crops are harvested, plough and rake 1-3 times to make the soil fully broken and smooth, then pull the rope and step on the field according to the width of the border 90 cm and the furrow 30 cm, and apply 5000 kg of rotten and sifted ring fertilizer on the cultivated border surface.

Third, sowing seeds

The best cultivation period is from October to November every year, which should be finished 6-7 days before the winter solstice festival. Sowing too late (after the Winter Solstice festival) is disadvantageous to the growth and development of fibrous roots in the same year. With the increase of air temperature in the coming year, it is often formed to sprout first, then take root, the seedlings are thin and thin, and the resistance to stress and disease is poor, affecting the increase of yield.

The planting rake was used for cultivation, and the plant was planted in holes on the finished border surface, the plant row spacing was 15 × 18 cm, one root was placed in each hole, the bud head was up, and the soil was compacted. After planting, the inter-border soil stepped on by the pull rope was raised to cover the seed block, and the furrow was naturally formed between the border. The cover soil on the border surface is 6-9 cm thick and should not be buried too deep, so as not to affect the emergence of aconite. After covering the soil, the border surface was made into a bow-back shape. Four rows were planted in each border, and the average seed amount per mu was 100-125kg. In order to facilitate intercropping and interplanting, 15-20 cm open space is reserved on the sunny side of the border as the area of interplanting crops, and aconite is planted on the other side of intercropping crops.

IV. Rational interplanting

1. The principle of increasing production

After years of experimental observation, aconite has different needs for light intensity in the period of growth and development. The light intensity is needed from emergence to the peak growth period, but in the later growth stage, the light intensity gradually weakens, and the light intensity needs to be adjusted timely in order to meet the needs of light conditions in the growth period. interplanting short and high crops on the sunny side of the border is one of the important technical measures to reduce diseases, increase effective growth period and seize high yield. In the spring vegetables, summer grain, the first winter on the border of aconite planted spinach, border interplanting bamboo shoots, aconite before the emergence of spinach harvested, aconite is still in the seedling stage, bamboo shoots have been ripe harvest, and then order corn. The period from April to June is the peak growth period of aconite, and the interplanted corn is still in the seedling stage. After the middle of June, aconite entered the late growth stage, high temperature and excessive light affected the normal growth and development of aconite, and high temperature and drought would induce the occurrence of white silk disease. At this time, the interplanted corn had entered the peak period of growth and needed strong light. The tall stems and leaves of corn naturally formed a green barrier in the aconite field, which improved the field microclimate environment and reduced the rhizosphere ground temperature for the shading and cooling of aconite. The luxuriant branches and leaves of corn, frequent rainstorms in summer, and a large amount of excess water were absorbed in the rhizosphere, which avoided the infection of white silk disease caused by high temperature and humidity, and promoted the rapid growth of aconite root in a good environment. it avoids the physiological diseases caused by high temperature and lays a foundation for the formation of yield.

The intercropping of aconite with vegetables and grain formed spring green shoots, summer aconite and autumn corn in the field, which increased the photosynthetic utilization rate per unit area, made medicine, vegetables and grain complement each other, interplanted with three materials, and had a good harvest together. it meets the biological characteristics of the respective growth and development period of aconite and intercropping crops, effectively controls the white silk disease and improves the yield benefit per unit area.

2. Time and method of interplanting

After the aconite was planted, spinach was planted on the border in the winter of that year, and a row of green shoots (40 cm apart) were interplanted on the border. After the vegetables were harvested at the end of February and the beginning of March next year, aconite has not yet emerged. After the bamboo shoots were harvested in the middle of April, interplant corn in time, leave 2 seedlings in each hole according to the plant spacing of 45-50 cm, open holes in the border edge with a knife, and sow directionally (the wide surface of corn seeds is parallel to the border) so that the maize leaves extend to the border surface, which does not affect the ventilation of the field. and it can better shade the aconite plant. Chinese cabbage can be sown on the border after aconite harvest in mid-July, and rape or wheat can be planted in autumn after cabbage harvest.

V. Field management

Root trimming: use a small hand shovel to cut open the soil around the root of the aconite and remove the small aconite growing at the base of the main root and the underground stem. The first root pruning was carried out in the first and middle April, and the second root pruning was carried out in the middle of May. Leave 2-4 aconite growing on the mother root and get rid of the rest. Through root pruning to remove the small and keep the big, the nutrition is concentrated to grow and leave the large aconite, so as to improve the rate of high quality products when processing attached tablets, increase production and increase value. Pay attention to cutting the soil from one side of the root when pruning, in order to see the small aconite growing on the mother root, try not to shake the plant and destroy the fibrous root system. After the repair of one plant, the soil at the root of the next plant was cut open and covered at the root of the former plant, according to the rank. After repairing a bed, clean the drain and cultivate the soil on the border, so that the border still remains arched.