Cultivation techniques of Fructus chebulae

Hezi, also known as Heli Le. It has the functions of astringing lung and astringent intestine, lowering fire and benefiting throat. The dried and mature young fruit is used as medicine for treating wind-fire throat pain. Terminalia chinensis originated in India, Malaysia, Myanmar and other countries, and was introduced into China in Tang Dynasty. At present, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan and other places have cultivated. Home-made Terminalia can completely meet the needs of the domestic market.

morphological characteristics

Woody plants, 18 to 30 meters tall. Bark grayish black to grayish white, rough, shoots tomentose, deciduous; leaves simple, alternate or subopposite, young leaves slightly reddish, leaves obovate or oblong, entire or microwave-like, densely tuberculate; flowers small, yellow, axillary or terminal, forming panicles; drupes ovoid or elliptic, glabrous in appearance, with 5 ridges after drying. The flowering period is from May to June, and the fruiting period is from January to February of the following year.

1. Growth Habits

Love warm, cold resistance is strong. Suitable climatic conditions for growth, annual average temperature 19.9-21.8℃. It is wet, but drought-resistant, with annual precipitation of 1000-155 mm. Adult plants like yang, young plants like yin. The soil requirements are not strict, but it is better to loose fertile, moist and well-drained loam.

II. Selection and preparation of land

Choose sunny sparse forest mountains, plains or roadsides, fields, houses, fertile loose soil, moist and no ponding places. Weeds and shrubs should be removed before soil preparation. Generally, hole-like soil preparation should be adopted. The hole size is 50 cm ×50 cm ×40 cm or 70 cm ×70 cm ×60 cm. Application of retting system green manure, burning soil or manure, etc., mixed soil filled in the hole as base fertilizer.

III. Sowing

Propagation by seed, grafting and root bud.

1. Seed reproduction: generally picked and sown. If the sowing season is in a low temperature period, it is necessary to sow when the temperature rises. After the seeds sprout, move to a nutrient container and place them on a well-prepared seedbed. If not after germination direct seeding, can be in the whole good ridge, according to the row spacing of 12 cm ×30 cm ditching sowing, ditch depth of 3 cm, after sowing covered with soil, covered with straw. After one year of cultivation, the seedlings can be planted when they are about 1 meter high.

2. Grafting propagation: main bud grafting method and branch grafting method.

(1) Bud grafting method: selection of rootstock and bud: select annual seedlings with height of 1 meter and diameter of about 1 cm as rootstock. Select the fruiting branches of mother plants of excellent varieties at the peak of fruiting stage, and make the branches with full buds and no new buds as bud strips, cut duck tongue shaped bud pieces, and carefully strip xylem. Budding season is best in June to August, when bark is easy to peel. Bud grafting method: cut open the cortex of the same shape slightly larger at the rootstock 10 cm from the ground, pick up the skin, quickly stick the bud, use a plastic film belt about 2 cm wide, and bind it tightly from bottom to top, paying attention not to press the bud head. 20-30 days after survival, remove the binding material;7 days later, cut obliquely at the position 5 cm above the budding position, lower to the back of the budding position, so as to prevent rainwater from flowing to the budding position, and seal the incision with wax. Often wipe off the buds on the rootstock to allow nutrients to concentrate on the growth of the buds.

2 Branch connection method: also known as wedge connection. Rootstock and scion selection: select 3-4 years old, 10 cm thick young trees as rootstock, cross section with a sharp knife longitudinal break 10-15 cm deep. Select the branches of excellent varieties as scions, 1.5-3 cm thick and 10 cm long. Grafting season is generally in March-April grafting. Calibration method: cut scion into wedge shape (such as V shape) and insert it into rootstock crack, close to it, cover the joint with wax, and then wrap it with plastic film. It takes about 30-40 days to heal and sprout.

3, root bud propagation: root bud can develop into seedlings, dig natural germination of root bud seedlings for planting, easy to survive.

IV. Field management

1, shade: immediately after sowing cover grass shade, if there is no shade conditions, need to set up shade, canopy to maintain about 30%.

2, drenching water, waterlogging prevention: pay attention to drenching water, keep the seedbed moist. Pay attention to drainage in rainy season.

3. Thinning seedlings: When seedlings grow 4-5 leaves, leave one seedling every 25 cm. Nurturing in nutrient container, one seedling is reserved in each nutrient container. The seedlings transplanted with soil mass continue to be cultivated or used for supplementary seedlings.

4. Intertillage weeding and fertilization: topdressing is carried out in combination with intertillage weeding. A few years before planting, nitrogen fertilizer in spring, green manure and burning soil in autumn. Before flowering, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly applied, such as pond mud, fully decomposed pig dung and plant ash.

5. Pruning: In order to dwarf the plant shape and facilitate the picking of fruits, it is possible to promote the growth of lateral techniques by picking and pruning, forming a good crown, making its branches bear more fruits, but the branches sprouting from the base should be cut off.

V. Pest control

1. Rhizoctonia solani: This disease can make the stem base of seedling stage turn black and brown, atrophy, and even lead to the death of the whole plant. Control methods: ① seedbed can be disinfected with 70% quintozene powder;② seedlings can be sprayed with 1∶1∶140 Bordeaux mixture;③ diseased plants are found, plucked and burned, and lime powder is sprinkled around the diseased plants.

2. Brown chest beetle: also known as Chinese beetle, it is one of the main pests that harm Terminalia chebula. Control methods: ① adult unearthed active period, using light trap or use its pseudo-death, shaking trees for artificial killing;② pest occurs, diluted with 90% trichlorfon 800 - 1000 times spray, every 4-5 days once, 4-5 times in succession.

3, longicorn: mainly damage the trunk. Control methods: ① catch adults and eliminate eggs;② dip 90% trichlorfon in cotton wool and stuff it into holes to poison larvae.

4. Lymantria: summer larvae gather on the back of the leaf in groups. When it is serious, it can light the whole leaf. Control method: diluted with 90% trichlorfon 1500-2000 times spray kill.

VI. Harvesting and processing

Terminalia terminalis seedlings began to blossom and bear fruit 5-6 or 7-8 years after planting. Harvest seasons vary according to use and climate. Terminalia chebula: general fruit picking period is around October, divided into 2-3 batches, pick yellow brown ripe fruit on sunny days. West green fruit: picking index finger thickness, chewing with the mouth easy to break the core, no lignification of young fruit. Expose ripe fruit to the sun immediately after harvest. Avoid rain wet, such as rainy days, can be divided into layers placed in the house, to facilitate ventilation, after the rain and then sun. When the pulp dry shrink wrinkled, shake the sound so far. Or put in boiling water, blanch for about 5 minutes, take out and dry, do not turn when drying, so as not to scratch the peel, the color turns black, not smooth, affecting the quality, dried for Terminalia chebula. The young fruit blown down by wind or picked young fruit is boiled in boiling water for 2-3 minutes, and then taken out and dried to become West Green Fruit.