Planting technique of Amomum villosum

Alias: Amomum villosum, Amomum villosum, etc.

The fruits and seeds of Amomum villosum, green shell sand or Hainan sand of Zingiberaceae are used as medicine, and the flowers are also used as medicine. It has the function of warming spleen, invigorating stomach, regulating qi, eliminating food and calming fetus. The main treatment is abdominal distension, food accumulation, vomiting, dysentery due to deficiency and cold, restlessness of fetal movement and so on.

The main growth and cultivation areas of Amomum villosum: at present, the main commodities used are: one is Yangchun sand, which is mainly produced in Yangchun, Xinyi, Gaozhou and other counties of Guangdong Province. One is green shell sand, which is mainly produced in southern Yunnan, and the other is imported sand, the original plant is the same as green shell sand, mainly produced in Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia and other Southeast Asian countries. Hainan sand is mainly produced in Hainan Island.

Domestic Amomum villosum has remarkable curative effect and good quality, and enjoys a high reputation in the international market. There is a long history of cultivation in Yangchun, Guangdong Province, the main producing area, and local farmers have accumulated rich cultivation experience. At present, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Sichuan and other provinces and regions have been introduced and cultivated.

[planting technology of Amomum villosum]

1. Spring Amomum villosum for land preparation should choose sandy loam or light clay loam with fertile, loose and high fertility. Broad-leaved evergreen woodlands with large humidity and water sources and hillsides, valleys and flat land with convenient drainage and irrigation can be planted. Sand and heavy clay are not suitable for use. Planting in mountainous areas should be carried out before planting to remove weeds and cut down too many shaded trees, while attention should be paid to replanting in areas where shady trees are not enough. While opening up wasteland, the drainage and irrigation ditches around the mountains were dug to prevent drought and waterlogging. Plant more fruit trees near the Amomum villosum field to expand the honey source and attract more insects to pollinate. When planting in the plain area, ditches should be made, with a width of 2.6m to 3m, a length of 24m to 30m, a width of 35cm and a depth of 1.5~35cm. The border surface causes the tortoise back shape to prevent stagnant water, but also pay attention to the construction of shade trees. First plant fast-growing crops such as plantains and edamame beans for temporary shade, and then plant tall white rice trees, couplet trees and fruit trees as permanent shade trees.

2. There are two kinds of propagation methods: seed propagation and plant propagation.

(1) seed propagation:

Select full and strong fruit, dry the fruit twice before sowing, rett the fruit after drying, keep the retting temperature (between 30-35 ℃) and a certain humidity, wash the pericarp and dry for sowing in 3-4 days. The nursery land for raising seedlings should choose a place with leeward and convenient drainage and irrigation, and deep ploughing and fine raking should be carried out to make a border with a height of 15cm and a width of 1 to 1.2m. Apply sufficient base fertilizer, apply calcium superphosphate 15~25kg per mu, and retting organic fertilizer 1000~1500kg mixed with cow manure or compost. Spring sowing in March, autumn sowing in late August to early September, ditch sowing or on demand. Set up the scaffolding before sowing, and when the seedlings begin to emerge, cover and shade should be added, and the shade degree should reach 80% and 90%. When there are 7 to 8 leaves, the shade can be reduced appropriately, but the shade degree should not be less than 70%.

To apply fertilizer, we should grasp the principle of applying thinly and frequently. For the first time, the seedlings were treated with ammonium sulfate nitrogen fertilizer 1.5~2kg and water 1500kg per mu when they had two leaves. The second time was carried out when the seedlings had 5 leaves, using nitrogen fertilizer 3kg and water 1500kg per mu. The third time was carried out when the seedlings had 8-10 leaves. After 10 leaves, topdressing was done every half a month or once a month, and nitrogen fertilizer 3kg was mixed with water 1000kg per mu. Water should be drenched frequently to keep the soil wet. Rotten cow dung and plant ash can be applied in winter and early spring to enhance the cold resistance of seedlings. When there is a cold wave, set up wind barriers in the north of the border and smoke in the field to prevent the cold. Seedling height 10~15cm can be used for inter-seedling, and seedling height 50cm can be planted out of the nursery.

(2) split propagation: the plants with strong growth were selected, and the seedlings and strong seedlings with more than 1-2 buds were intercepted as seedlings. Spring planting from the end of March to early April, autumn planting in September, spring planting is better, choose cloudy and rainy days. Plant row spacing 65cmX65cm or 1.3mXl.5m, cover soil after planting, drench with water, then cover with grass, sprinkle water with rear service, and manage carefully.

3. Field management

(1) before the newly planted spring Amomum villosum reaches the number of years of flowering and fruiting, a larger degree of shade is required to maintain 70% and 80%. Weeding is required 5 to 8 times a year; once a month in the rainy season. Fertilization in addition to phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer should be properly increased, fertilizing 3 to 4 times a year from February to October. Always pay attention to watering to keep the soil moist.

(2) after the spring sand enters the flowering and fruiting years, it needs more sunlight during the flower bud differentiation period, and it is more appropriate to maintain an average shade of 50% to 60%. However, in the sandy soil with poor water retention, or the spring sandy land that lacks water and cannot be irrigated, the shade should be maintained at about 70%. Weeds are mainly weeded twice a year.

The first time was carried out in February, except for weeds and litter inside and outside the spring sand field, cut off withered, weak, diseased and residual seedlings and cleared them out of the garden, compost was made, and some spring seedlings were properly removed in the dense areas.

The second time after fruit harvest from August to September, weeds were removed, perishable weeds were covered with stolons, moisturized and insulated, and soil organic matter was increased. The rest of the weeds were cleared out of the garden and concentrated on compost. Fertilization is mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, every February, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, proper nitrogen fertilizer, calcium superphosphate 25~40kg per mu (composting), urea 2~3kg or potassium sulfate fertilizer, organic fertilizer 700~lOO0kg. Before and after "the Beginning of Winter" (November), organic fertilizer 1000kg was applied per mu. And properly cultivate the soil, it is appropriate not to cover the stolon.

Different growth and development stages of Amomum villosum have different requirements for water: after fertilization in autumn, in order to promote the growth of autumn seedlings and restore growth, more water is required; less water is required in the flower bud differentiation period in winter and spring; soil moisture is required in flowering and young fruit formation stage; less soil water content is required in fruit stage and fruit maturity stage.

(3) because of the special structure of spring Amomum villosum flower, it is difficult to pollinate white flower and cross-pollination, and it is not suitable for wind pollination, the natural seed setting rate is very low in places where there are few pollinating insects. Therefore, it is necessary to vigorously promote artificial pollination in order to improve the seed setting rate.

The methods of artificial pollination are:

1) powdery method:

First hold the male flower with one hand, hold a small piece of bamboo with the other, pick up the stamen of the flower, then extend the index finger or thumb of the flower hand into the petal, wipe the pollen on the stamen on the stigma hole, and then rub it obliquely down, so that a large amount of pollen is stuffed into the stigma hole, that is, to complete the pollination of a flower.

2) push-pull method:

Hold the large petals and stamens with the middle finger and thumb of one hand, and gently push the stamens down and then pull them up with the thumb, and put gravity on the head of the stigma. Push and pull a large amount of pollen into the stigma hole. You can also use the middle finger and thumb to hold large petals and stamens horizontally and push and pull repeatedly to pollinate. In general, push-pull method is used when pollen is more, and pollination method is better when pollen is less. Practice has proved that artificial pollination of Amomum villosum is an effective measure to increase yield, but it is not an ideal pollination method. If the mountain area is large and the terrain is uneven, it is not convenient to operate, and it takes a lot of manpower and time to adopt this method. In the future, it is necessary to cultivate insects such as ribbon bees, Reed bees, bumblebees, ants, thrips and so on. A better way to solve the problem of pollination, such as areas with more insect pollination, the natural fruit rate of Amomum villosum is more than 50% and 60%.