Efficient cultivation techniques of a New Ecotype muskmelon Variety 'Yuanyao 11' in South China

Efficient cultivation techniques of a New Ecotype muskmelon Variety 'Yuanyao 11' in South China

Fund projects: Guangxi Scientific Research and Technology Development Program (Guike 14125004-26, Gui Ke Neng 14121008-4-3); National Watermelon Industrial Technology system (CARS-26); National Spark Program (2014GA790006); Science and Technology Development Fund of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Guangxi Agricultural Science and Technology 2014JZ13); Guangxi Agricultural key Science and Technology Program (2014-15); Nanning Scientific Research and Technology Development Plan (201102038B 20122080)

The hot and humid climate in southern China has higher requirements for thick-skinned muskmelon varieties. According to this climatic characteristics, the thick-skinned muskmelon 'Luck 11' bred by the Institute of Horticulture of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region Academy of Agricultural Sciences has been popularized rapidly in Nanning and other places because of its high yield, good stability, good quality, disease resistance and wet resistance, easy fruit setting and long shelf life. This paper summarizes a set of efficient cultivation techniques for melon farmers in the south of China.

1 main characteristics

'Luck 11 'muskmelon belongs to cantaloupe type, with long oval fruit, 2.5-3.0 kg per fruit, light grayish yellow, full-reticulated and tough pericarp, average hardness of 27.1 kg cm-2, orange-yellow pulp, compact flesh, no moisture overflow of cut pulp, crisp and sweet flesh, good taste, 3.5-4.5 cm flesh thickness and 15%-17% soluble solids content in the center. Generally, the yield of 667 m ~ 2 is 2 500 ~ 2 700 kg, the whole growth period is 115 ~ 125 days in spring and 95 ~ 100 days in autumn, and the fruit development period is 52 ~ 56 days. It can be stored at room temperature for more than 15 days. It is not easy to ferment and is resistant to storage and transportation. The plant grows steadily, resistant to heat and humidity, easy to set fruit at high temperature, more resistant to powdery mildew, more resistant to vine blight and Fusarium wilt. Rainy areas in the south need greenhouse for shelter cultivation.

2 cultivation techniques

2.1 Select a suitable planting site

Select the place where the leeward to the sun, direct soil cultivation requires loose soil, deep tillage layer, fertile, not easy to consolidate, good drainage and irrigation conditions, no soil-borne diseases and insect pests sandy paddy field or flat dry land; cushion film (substrate + soil) cultivation requires good drainage and irrigation conditions.

2.2 Construction of greenhouse

2.2.1 according to local conditions, galvanized steel pipe and angle iron can be used to build a steel frame greenhouse that can be used for more than 10 years, which has the advantages of firmness and durability, strong wind resistance, low maintenance cost, but high one-time investment cost. Bamboo and wood can also be used to build bamboo and wood greenhouses that can be used for 2 to 4 years, which has the advantages of low cost and convenient material collection, so it is very suitable for rural development in the south, but the maintenance cost is high.

2.2.2 the roof height of the greenhouse is 3.1 to 3.2 m, the shoulder height is 1.8 to 1.9 m, the width is 6.0 to 7.0 m, the length is 25 to 35 m, the edge distance of the greenhouse is 1.5 m, and the character shape is arranged. The film covered by the greenhouse shall choose a drip-free film with a thickness of 0.08-0.12 mm, with a height of 0.3-1.9 m, and a 40-mesh insect-proof net in the arch arc on both sides of the greenhouse, so as to ventilate and dissipate heat at high temperature. The greenhouse is longitudinally divided into 3-4 rows, with an average width of 1.7-2.0 m (including furrows). The depth of drainage ditch outside the greenhouse is 2530 cm between greenhouses, and the depth of main drainage ditch is more than 35 cm.

2.3 soil preparation, fertilization and bedding

2.3.1 Direct soil cultivation melon ploughing to allow the soil to weathered and decompose harmful substances for as long as possible. On the border surface, the rotten chicken manure 4m ~ 3, mature peanut bran 50 kg, N, P2O5, K2O 17% compound fertilizer (sulfur compound fertilizer, N, P2O5, K2O) were spread evenly on the border surface according to the area of 667m2. 40: 50 kg, 40: 50 kg, 20: 25 kg of potassium sulfate, and 60 kg of calcium cyanide was added to the cropping land and the plot with root-knot nematode. A ridge with a height of 20 cm, a width of 60 cm, a width of 100 cm and a width of 60 cm was made by deep ploughing with a rotary tiller, and an eyedropper was placed at the melon row. The whole bed was covered with 0.008 × 0.012 mm black / silver double-color plastic film (silver side up, the same below), and immediately soaked through the water. Calcium cyanide had to wait for 15 days before it could be planted.

2.3.2 where root-knot nematodes are seriously cultivated with cushion film (substrate + soil), planting grooves with a width of 60 cm and a depth of 25 cm can be dug into planting grooves with a width of 60 cm 70 cm from the sidewalk of the shed wall, and a sidewalk between grooves in the middle can be bricked into planting grooves of the same size as the inner wall on the ground where the groundwater level is 110 cm;. The black film of 1.2m ~ 1.5m wide and 0.03mm ~ 0.05m thick on the bottom pad of the tank was put into the fermented substrate. The substrate was made according to the volume ratio: 5 parts of bagasse (or bark, straw) plus 1 part of pig manure (or chicken manure), 0.5 kg of urea per m3, and the appropriate humidity after mixing was to hold the fresh water by hand, cover the film and compost and ferment for 3 months and 4 months, and turn it twice during the period. When planting, mix 30%-40% (volume ratio) disease-free soil, apply rotten peanut bran 40-50 kg, rotten tung bran 80-90 kg, compound fertilizer 40-50 kg, calcium superphosphate 50-60 kg, potassium sulfate 15-20 kg, mix with substrate and soil, put an eyedropper in the center, cover plastic film, and irrigate once 7 days 10 days before planting.

2.4 Select a suitable sowing date

Guangxi is generally used for out-of-season cultivation, that is, early in spring or delayed in autumn, it is easier to obtain high benefits. When the temperature was more than 15 ℃ in early spring, the sowing date was the latest when the minimum temperature in the late stage of fruit development was not less than 18 ℃. The suitable sowing time is from mid-January to mid-February in southern Guangxi and from late February to early March in central and northern Guangxi. To raise seedlings in early spring, we should seize the opportunity of cold tail and warm head to sow. In autumn, southern Guangxi is from mid-August to early September, while central and northern Guangxi is from mid-July to early August.

2.5 cultivate strong seedlings

2.5.1 for the preparation of nutritious soil, eggs-free, pathogen-free ponds or paddy soil were dried and broken into soybean-sized particles and mixed with an appropriate amount of rotten livestock or poultry manure and turf ash. The mixing ratio of soil, dung and plant ash was 5 ∶ 1 ∶ 1. The wet nutrient soil was mixed and sealed with thin film for 5 days for 7 days. The seedbed was first drenched with 800-1000-fold 30% carbendazim, then sprinkled with 3% phoxim (rodent and insecticidal) 40-50 g per m2 to kill insects and bacteria. The prepared nutrient soil was loaded into a nutrition bowl with a height of 8 cm, a diameter of 5 cm and a drainage hole at the bottom, and was neatly placed in the seedling greenhouse. Commercial seedling substrates or peat groups can also be used.

2.5.2 the width of border surface and sidewalk is required to be 0.8 m. If the seedling is raised in a nutrition bowl, the seedling bed will be made in the shape of high in the middle and slightly lower on both sides to eliminate stagnant water, and then put on the film to prevent the root system from getting too much into the soil outside the bowl, and then put into the nutrition bowl; it can also be placed into the seedling hole plate with a diameter of 5.0 cm and 60 holes each and loaded into the substrate; if seedling groups are used, the seedling bed will be cushioned with film first, and each group will be placed neatly at 1.5 cm apart and drenched through water 1 day in advance.

2.5.3 the seeds and sterilized seeds were dried in non-violent sunlight for 2 hours, soaked in 10% lime water for 20 min, rinsed, soaked in 400% 500 times 2% chlortetracycline for 2 hours for 3 hours, or 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 30 min, and then washed with clean water.

2.5.4 after soaking the seeds and germinating seeds in clean water for 8 hours, the seeds were wrapped in a wrenched wet towel and moisturized in a plastic bag and germinated at 31-33 ℃.

2.5.5 when sowing seeds in a nutrition bowl for 12 hours and 16 hours, the root buds are about 0.3 cm long, and one seed bud is sown in each nutrition bowl, the root tip is downward, and the thickness of the covered soil is about 0.5 cm. Immediately after the seed is sown, the soil is drenched with 70% methyl thiophanate 800 times or 50% carbendazim 600 times.

2.5.6 take care of the seedbed (1) prevent mechanical injury: rodent damage should be prevented before seeds are unearthed, seed shells and seed coats should be removed in time after they are unearthed, and some seeds in the opposite direction should be dug up and replanted in time. Six days before planting, the seedling plate was moved every 3 days to inhibit the root growth outside the bowl and reduce the root injury during seedling initiation. (2) raising seedlings in spring: using greenhouse + small arch shed to raise seedlings, sealing film around the greenhouse for heat preservation; under the condition of low temperature, properly ventilating and ventilating during the day and sealing the shed for heat preservation at night; pay attention to ventilation and seedling refinement; control moisture, nutritious soil should keep its appearance moist and its hands feel hard. (3) Seedling raising in summer and autumn: pay attention to drought prevention during the day and excessive wet at night. At this time, the temperature is high and the water evaporation is large, so it is necessary to provide water in time to keep the nutritive soil moist, but it is not suitable to water in the evening. (4) Prevention of diseases and insect pests: seedbed diseases are generally caused by excessive humidity, such as sudden disease, epidemic disease and so on. Prevention focuses on controlling nutrient soil humidity, ventilation and seedling refining. Chemical control: spray plants with chlorothalonil, methyl thiophanate, carbendazim or other fungicides.

2.6 timely colonization and reasonable close planting

The seedling period is about 25-30 days in spring and 10-12 days in autumn. The seedlings raised by group can be raised in 1.5 true leaves, and those raised in nutrition bowl can not be transplanted to the field until the seedlings grow 2 complete true leaves. Sowing in high temperature season advocates group seedling raising, which can obviously shorten the slow seedling period. Transplanting should be carried out in the afternoon when the sun is not strong, directly punch holes in the film with a stick 1 / 1.5 cm larger than the diameter of the nutrition bowl or group, put in the seedlings and fill the gap. The double-row planting method was adopted, that is, large row spacing 120 × 130 m, small row spacing 40 × 50 cm (70 × 80 cm after being put on the shelf), plant spacing 55 ~ 65 cm, character-shaped planting, planting 1 000 trees per 667m2. When planting, the nutrition bowl noodles should be 1.5 cm higher than the border surface, or the group dough should be flat. After planting, the border surface was drenched with root water, and the opening of plastic film was compacted with soil. When cultivated in summer and autumn, the plastic film was only covered in the center of the border, while the melon row was not covered at the position of 5: 10 cm.

2.7 Management after colonization

2.7.1 timely introduction of vines and reasonable pruning of melon vines with a length of 40-50 cm, begin to draw vines and coil them on the shelves until the vines climb over the upper bracket of the rope. There is only one main vine per plant, and only the lateral vines of nodes 10 ~ 16 are left as fruit vines. In general, when the weather is fine, only 3 lateral vines of node 12-14 are left in each plant, and the rest of the lateral vines are wiped out as soon as possible when they just germinate. The main vine was capped when it grew to the 24th-26th section, and 1-2 lateral vines were left in the last 2 segments to supplement the new leaves, and 2-3 leaves were left on the fruit-side vine and topped. Sprouting and topping should be carried out on a sunny day.

2.7.2 artificial pollination or bee pollination in greenhouse cultivation hinders the pollination of exotic insects, and artificial pollination must be carried out. Every day, pollen from male flowers is gently and evenly applied to the stigma of female flowers. In order to reduce labor costs, bees can be put in the shed to help pollinate. In order to ensure the fruit quality, hormone substances such as Ziguoling and Zigualing are prohibited to help set the fruit. Before flowering and pollination, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and borax were sprayed twice to help set fruit.

2.7.3 after timely selection of retained fruit and hanging fruit, only one fruit with positive shape and bright color is selected for each plant, and the rest of the young fruits are removed. When the fruit was suspended at 0.5 kg, the fruit was elongated with a nylon rope ring with a perimeter of about 40 cm, then passed through the junction between the fruit stalk and the vine, and then another nylon rope was used to lift the melon through the upper part of the circle to make the hanging fruit branch and the main vine 45 °~ 60 °. Net bags are used to hang fruit in windy places.

2.7.4 strengthen the management of water and fertilizer through the eyedropper to quickly supply water and fertilizer to the plant at any time, and carry out the integrated management of water and fertilizer. Some pesticides can also be released through an eyedropper. The principle of water and fertilizer supply in the whole growing period is less in the early and later stage and more in the middle stage. Always keep the soil or substrate moist, with the growth of the plant, the root water supply and fertilizer supply must be gradually increased, especially to ensure that the water and fertilizer is adequate and balanced in the early and middle stages of fruit setting. Do not dry or wet the soil or substrate during the fruit setting period. If you apply enough fertilizer, you only need a water supply before flowering.

Lucky 11 thick-skinned melon

Lucky 11 thick-skinned melon

When the fruit and eggs are big, they begin to attack melons with great water and fertilizer, usually from 4 to 5 days after pollination. Every 2 to 7 days, they are applied once every 2 to 7 days, which are rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, boron and other elements, as well as water-soluble fertilizer (containing humic acid water-soluble fertilizer or amino acid water-soluble fertilizer). The application of high potassium fertilizer (such as American potassium treasure, potassium nitrate, etc.) was increased 12-45 days after pollination: the amount of fertilizer used twice in the initial period of fruit setting (4-6 days after pollination) was less, 3 kg per 667m2 of water-soluble fertilizer sold on the market, 2 days apart each time. In the early stage of fruit setting (7-19 days after pollination), the amount of fertilizer used was the most, 8 kg+ per 667m2 water soluble fertilizer, 8 kg+ high potassium fertilizer, 8 kg+ high potassium fertilizer, 3 days to 4 days; in the early and middle stages of fruit setting (20 days to 30 days after pollination), 4 kg+ high potassium fertilizer, 6 kg, 4 days, 5 days, and less fertilizer was used in the middle and later stages of fruit setting (31 days after pollination), 3 kg, 4 kg, 6 days, 7 days.

The water-soluble fertilizer sold in the market is used according to the instructions, generally 300 to 500 times the amount of water. Appropriate amount of rotten bran cake fertilizer + compound fertilizer + potash fertilizer can also be used to irrigate roots after water, but the effect is slightly lower. Soil cultivation stopped water supply and fertilizer supply 10 days before harvest, plastic film cultivation stopped fertilizer supply 10 days before harvest, and water supply stopped 3-5 days before harvest. In addition, in order to delay plant senescence and ensure exuberant growth, foliar fertilizers with promoting growth should be sprayed in the early and middle stages of fruit setting, such as brassine, Gaomeishi, amino acid 920, green leaf King Kong and so on.

2.7.5 Light and temperature management uses thin films with good light transmittance to meet the light needs of melons. After the greenhouse film has been used for a period of time, it is easy to deposit dust to block the sun, and a wet cloth is used to scrub and remove dust. In case of low temperature in early spring, seal the greenhouse when the outdoor temperature is lower than 15 ℃; when the outdoor temperature is higher than 30 ℃ at noon in summer and autumn, put away the film around the greenhouse and the arched shed to strengthen the ventilation and cooling of the greenhouse.

2.7.6 the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests should strictly implement the policy of "prevention first and comprehensive control" to fundamentally prevent the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. The field should be checked carefully frequently, and once diseases and insect pests are found, they must be eliminated in the initial stage. Take agricultural control, biological control as the main, chemical control as a supplement, the use of low-toxic and efficient pesticides to produce healthy and safe food. For example, the greenhouse layout adopts zigzag shape, deepens and widens the drainage ditch, adopts the way of high border to enhance ventilation and reduce the humidity to reduce the occurrence of most diseases, and widens the sidewalk to reduce the diseases caused by mechanical damage to branches and leaves caused by daily manual work. The use of oil yellow board, lighting, sex hormones and other means to trap and kill pests, the use of sulfuric acid paper bags to prevent melon fruit flies and reduce direct contact with pesticides, in order to reduce pesticide residues and so on.

2.8 timely harvest and brand sales

2.8.1 judging the fruit maturity, the whole pericarp is light grayish yellow, the leaf color of the fruit-sitting node turns yellow, and the reticulate color becomes white. According to the pollination date mark and the discrimination of the color characteristics of the skin during the fruit ripening period, the suitable fruit maturity was ensured.

2.8.2 harvesting and packaging should be collected before 11:00 on a clear day or when the temperature is not high after 16:00 on a clear day. Leave 1 section and 1 leaf in front and back of the stalk, cut off the branches and vines, then cover the fruit with foam fruit, lift the rope and gently load it into the fruit box.

2.8.3 muskmelon 'Lucky 11' sold by the brand has good storability and should be harvested at and above 9 ripe fruits, and raw melons are prohibited from being put on the market. Professional cooperatives should be set up, overall arrangements should be made, quality should be paid close attention to, and products with higher grades should be produced. At the same time, register and use their own trademarks, use the Internet to help sales, with quality and brand to win the market in order to achieve higher efficiency.

Li Wenxin, a researcher at the Institute of Horticulture, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, observed the growth of muskmelon in the greenhouse.