Cultivation techniques of perennial herbaceous Chrysanthemum

I. Main habits and morphological characteristics

Gongju is perennial perennial root herb, sensitive to sunlight, short-day plant, with less than 10 hours of short-day stimulation every day easy to bud flowering. Light is preferred to shade, and insufficient light can lead to poor plant development and reduced flowering.

Gongju likes ventilation and cool, most suitable for growing in fertile, loose, moist, well-drained sandy loam. However, moisture tolerance is weak, soil drainage is poor, humidity is too large, it will grow poorly or even rot roots and die. Too dry, less branches, slow growth, especially water shortage at flowering stage, smaller leaves, reduced flower quantity, reduced yield and quality.

Gongchrysanthemums like warm, but also more cold. Its roots overwinter underground and can withstand temperatures of minus 10-15℃. Flowers can withstand light frost, but heavy frost will greatly reduce production and reduce quality.

Tribute chrysanthemum branches fragile, natural growth easy to wind lodging or broken. It is usually 60-100 cm tall. Roots are distributed laterally in the topsoil, rhizomes are divided into adventitious buds, and flowers are born at the ends of branches or leaf axils. White color, for the flat petal chrysanthemum.

II. Land selection, soil preparation and application of sufficient base fertilizer

Gongju plot should be in no pollution source, the original did not plant chrysanthemum flat land. Our city is suitable for planting tribute chrysanthemum in a wide range, which can be planted in pieces on gentle slope of Pingshan Mountain, or intercropped in tea mulberry orchard and grain and oil cultivated land. However, the selection of land must be based on the habits of tribute chrysanthemum to avoid harm. The requirements of wind and sun, fertile soil, drainage convenience. Avoid shaded plots, hardened sticky soil prone to ponding, and planting at tuyere. Low-lying ponding plots and valleys vulnerable to frost plots should not be selected. Heavy fog section, because of the impact of harvest drying quality, easy to disease adverse production of high-quality chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemum continuous cropping disease, poor production, the implementation of crop rotation is appropriate.

Chrysanthemum planting land, the best winter deep ploughing (25 cm), spring copy, apply enough base fertilizer, according to soil fertility, mu fertilizer, compost and other organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg, phosphorus fertilizer 50 kg, cake fertilizer about 100 kg. The flat land should be ridged and the drainage ditch should be dug. The ridge spacing is 30-40 cm and the ridge width is 70-80 cm. The drainage in mountainous areas is better, so there is no need to make ridging.

III. Cultivate strong seedlings

Do not seedling chrysanthemum, planting growth thin, thin flowers, tribute chrysanthemum must cultivate strong seedling production. Tribute chrysanthemum seedling propagation, production is commonly used in the plant division propagation method, this method bred chrysanthemum plant height, more branches, more flowers, flowers larger.

(1) Sub-plant propagation method: After chrysanthemum harvest is completed, all the old stems of chrysanthemum will be cut off and the roots of healthy plants will be left in the soil. Or dig up the roots and bury them in a fertile, well-drained sandy loam. Loosen soil, apply winter fertilizer, and pay attention to pest control, so as to facilitate the healthy growth of chrysanthemum seedlings. When the seedlings are 5-8 inches long, they can be transplanted.

(2) Cutting propagation method

In order to expand the propagation speed of chrysanthemum, Gongju can also be cut to propagate seedlings. The method is: in April to June, cut off the branches about 10 cm long and 2-4 nodes from the new branches or plants developed from the old plants in the next year, cut obliquely or horizontally by the buds, remove the leaves in the lower part, cut off half of the large leaves at the upper end, insert them into the seedbed soil about one half, and the distance between each plant is 10 cm. Water is poured through and half shade is shaded. Every morning dew water dry, with appropriate amount of water spray, water should not be too much. After half a month can take root germination. After that, the seedlings can be transplanted by applying light excrement water once every 3-5 days to promote seedlings and transplanting in one month. The chrysanthemum seedlings bred by this method have large flowers. In addition, when the climate is humid, it can also be used to directly cut strong branches into seedlings.

IV. Timely transplanting

Plant division propagation is adopted, plant division transplantation is carried out in the middle and late April, and strong flower seedlings with no diseases and insect pests and seedling length of 7-8 inches are selected. When planting seedlings, we should pay attention to weather changes and select the time to adapt to cloudy days after rain, and the survival rate is high. The soil is dry, and it is not suitable for transplanting under the sunny sun. Planting 3000-4000 plants per mu, row spacing 40 cm, plant spacing 33 cm, planting 1-2 plants per hole. The wide and narrow row planting with reasonable configuration is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission in the later stage of chrysanthemum garden growth, and is convenient for field operation. The seedling top can be removed during transplanting to promote slow seedling and branch growth. The soil is not wet enough and the root water must be irrigated during transplanting in rainy weather. If the seedlings are few, they can be planted sparsely, and then the layering propagation can be repeated to increase the density until the number of seedlings is sufficient.

V. Topping and pruning

In order to promote branching, increase flower quantity, promote trunk thickening, reduce lodging, improve yield and quality, chrysanthemum must be pruned 3-4 times. The first time in mid-May to choose sunny days, leaving the base 5 cm or so, the upper part of all cut off, pay attention to pruning in sunny weather shear. 5-6 new branches after pruning. The second topping is carried out in the middle of June when the new branches are about 6 cm long. After the second topping, the plant has 11-12 new branches. The third topping should be done from late June to early July. The vigorous plants can be topped four times, but the topping must be finished before the end of July. Topping times should not be too much, otherwise too many branches, plant growth is not strong, flower head thin, yield and quality decline. Cut not or only once, branches too few, flowers reduced. Topping time and frequency should be based on plant growth, timely and appropriate. In addition, too dense branches and thin branches should be cut off in time to improve nutrition and ventilation and light conditions, and promote more flowers and larger flowers. In the occurrence of virus plots must first remove the diseased plants, so as not to cut nails spread.

VI. Intertillage, Weeding and Soil Cultivation

During the growth period of Gongju, it is necessary to hoe and cultivate frequently, that is, to weed artificially to achieve the purpose of weeding and loosening soil. Generally, intertillage and weeding are carried out 4-5 times, namely once in early May, once in early June, once in early August and once in early September. Master the early intertillage should be shallow, late can be deep, to avoid damage to chrysanthemum roots. In the later stage of intertillage and weeding, soil should be cultivated every time to block roots or erect supports to protect roots and prevent lodging. July is not suitable for cultivation, but mowing and covering, that is, preventing moisture evaporation and grass prevention.

VII. Fertilizer and water management and support lodging prevention

Chrysanthemum growth and flowering need a large amount of fertilizer, according to chrysanthemum growth needs to timely increase fertilizer. Fertilization time is generally carried out after weeding. 5-7 Dressing 3-5 times a month to promote seedling growth. From the end of August to the first ten days of September, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer (100-150 kg per mu, 0.5% urea can be applied) should be appropriately increased, and the next human and livestock manure (1000 kg per mu) should be applied to promote flower bud differentiation. Chrysanthemum in October need fertilizer to increase the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer, cake fertilizer and human and animal manure and a small amount of urea, promote the flowering of pregnant buds. After bud formation, 0.3% urea plus 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or Tianyuan liquid fertilizer can also be used for foliar spraying.