Cultivation techniques of Radix Pseudostellariae

Pseudostellaria heterophylla [Pseudostellaria heeterophyulla (Mig.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm.] Dried root tuber, also known as Tongshen, Xiaoershen. It has the function of replenishing qi and invigorating spleen, invigorating fluid and moistening lung. It mainly produces Jiangsu and is cultivated in Fujian, Anhui, Zhejiang and Shandong.

(1) morphological characteristics

Herbs perennial, 10-20 cm tall. The tuberous roots are numerous, fleshy and fusiform, with yellowish bark and sparse fibrous roots. Stem erect, subsquare, slightly dilated, internodes with two rows of pubescent. Leaves opposite, subsessile, lower leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, upper leaves ovate-lanceolate to long ovate, ca. 7 cm long and 1 cm wide; stem top has 4 large leaflike involucre. Flowers axillary, dimorphic; apetalous flowers small, purple, sepals 4, closed, apetalous, stamens usually 2 below stem near ground. Stem apically bearing 3 common flowers, large in shape; white, sepals 5, petals 5, Obovate, stamens 10, styles 3, ovary superior. Capsule subglobose, pendulous when ripe, dehiscent. Seeds 7mur8, oblate, purplish brown, surface verrucous. The florescence is from April to May and the fruiting period is from May to June.

(2) growth habits

Most of the prince ginseng is wild in the rock crevice and litter layer of the shady hillside, and likes loose sandy loam soil rich in humus and good drainage. It is suitable for mild and humid climate. It grows vigorously at a ten-day average temperature of 10 ℃ and 20 ℃, and avoids high temperature and strong light exposure in summer. When the temperature is above 30 mol, the plant growth stagnates. In late June, the plant began to wither and people went dormant over the summer. Radix Pseudostellariae has strong cold tolerance and can survive the winter safely at the temperature of-17 ℃. Like fat, afraid of waterlogging, easy to rot after stagnant water. Seeds should not be dried for a long time, they should be sown with picking, and they must meet certain low temperature conditions before they can germinate. Therefore, under natural conditions, seedlings can only be seen in spring, and the asexual seedlings grown from ginseng have emerged in spring. After emergence, the plant growth gradually accelerated, the shoot formed branches, and the leaves increased. The underground stem has the characteristic of "stem node rooting", and with the growth of the aboveground part, it expands into a fusiform tuber root. The whole growth period of Radix Pseudostellariae is about 4 months from spring to summer.

(3) cultivation techniques

1. Select the sandy loam which is fertile and loose, good drainage and rich in humus. Avoid continuous cropping, the previous crop to sweet potatoes, vegetables, etc., sloping land to the north, east is appropriate. In general, after the harvest of crops in early autumn, the land will be ploughed and re-applied with base fertilizer, which is mainly farm manure and should be fully mature. Hold the fine rake evenly and make a border with a width of 1.5 meters and a height of 20 centimeters, keeping the surface of the border in a bow shape.

2. The methods of reproduction can be divided into sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. However, sexual reproduction is mainly asexual reproduction because it is difficult to collect seeds and the yield is low in the same year. The suitable sowing time is before late October, and if it is too late, the seeds begin to sprout because of the drop in temperature, and it is easy to hurt the bud head when planting, affecting the emergence of seedlings in the following year. Species ginseng should choose tuber root with complete bud head, hypertrophy, no injury, no diseases and insect pests. When planting, first horizontally open a groove of about 13 cm deep on the finished border surface, and then plant the seed ginseng in an oblique ditch according to the plant distance of 5 cm and 7 cm, requiring the bud head to face up, 6 cm away from the border surface, and the bud head position is at the same level, which is commonly known as "uneven up and down". Then open the second trench according to the line spacing (groove spacing) of 15 cm, and cover the back of the trench on the previous trench that has been lined up, and then arrange the parameters, and so on. After planting 1 bed, put a little suppression, and the border surface will be arched back shape. The amount of seed used per mu is 40,000,60kg.

3. Field management

The main results are as follows: (1) to prevent people and animals from emerging in the same year after trampling, it is necessary to keep the border flat and avoid trampling, otherwise it is easy to cause local short-term stagnant water, make ginseng roots rot, and eventually lead to lack of seedlings and reduce yield, and trampling should be prevented during the summer period.

(2) weeding and soil cultivation in early February, when the seedlings are unearthed, the growth is slow and the overwintering weeds thrive. You can use a small hoe once, and then pull up the grass when you see the grass. At the same time, combined with the arrangement of border ditches, the collapsed soil will be removed to the border surface, or use guest soil to cultivate soil, the soil thickness should not exceed 2 cm. After the first ten days of May, the plant has already been closed, in addition to pulling up the big grass, you can stop weeding.

(3) the growth period of topdressing Radix Pseudostellariae is short, mainly based on base fertilizer, especially in the later stage, improper topdressing, if more nitrogen fertilizer can lead to excessive growth of stems and leaves and affect the yield. If the seedlings are thin, 30-40 kg of rotten cake fertilizer per mu can be applied in early April, and then watered.

(4) the prince ginseng of drainage and irrigation is afraid of waterlogging, and the border ditch must be drained smoothly after rain. In the case of drought and little rain, attention should be paid to watering to keep the border surface moist and conducive to hairy roots and plant growth.

4. Pest control

The main results are as follows: (1) the leaves of the plants affected by virus disease are wrinkled and mosaic, the plants are withered early, and the roots are thin and small. Should be integrated control: pay attention to the control of aphids; select disease-free plants or seedlings to leave seeds; crop rotation.

(2) Leaf spot mostly occurs in the rainy season in spring and summer, which damages the leaves, and when it is serious, the plants wither and yellow and die. In general, Bordeaux solution of 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 100 was sprayed every 10 days or sprayed with 65% Dysen zinc wettable powder 500ml 600 times at the initial stage of the disease.

(3) the larvae of ground tiger, grub and golden needle worm bite the root or rhizome, especially when the root is enlarged and the aboveground part is about to wither. It can be equipped with trichlorfon poison bait to be scattered in the field in the evening.

(4) harvesting and processing

In late June, when the plant is withered and fallen, it should be dug except for leaving the soil. when harvesting, it is appropriate to choose a sunny day, wash the soil, blanch the soil in boiling water for 3 minutes, expose it to half-dry, rub off the beard root, pile it up to make it moist, and then dry it to the whole dry. The product obtained by this method is commonly known as hot ginseng, but it can also be dried directly after digging, which is called raw sun ginseng. This product is dry, non-fibrous root, uniform size, yellowish color is preferred.

(5) seed retention techniques

When getting up, choose the root tuber with fat body, full bud head and no diseases and insect pests as seed ginseng, and store it in a cool place in the room, often keep it moist, turn it once in 15-20 days, and prevent rain, do not store sand on the cement floor. Until it is taken out and selected again when it is planted. The method of in-situ conservation can also be used, that is, when starting the ginseng, set aside some ginseng beds without digging, and interplant soybeans or sweet potatoes in the ginseng field in early May. When the plant seedlings fall, cover the soil in the ditch on the border surface, which is 3mur5cm. At this time, the leaves of soybeans or sweet potatoes have been covered with the border surface, which can not only shade but also maintain a certain amount of moisture, which is beneficial to planting ginseng in summer. The seed germination ability of Radix Pseudostellariae is strong, but the fruit is easy to crack after maturity, the seed is easy to scatter, and the seed propagates and grows slowly, so the naturally scattered seeds can be used to raise seedlings in situ. The method is to fertilize, plough, prepare the soil and plant radish, green vegetables and other vegetables after the ginseng root is harvested. After the seeds germinated and emerged in the early spring of the following year, the crops on the ground were cleared or harvested, and the management of inter-seedling and weeding was carried out. Interplanting soybeans and so on in the first ten days of May to protect the seedlings. When planted in autumn, it can be harvested for use as a reference. When there is a lack of seed ginseng, this method can often be used to propagate seed ginseng.