Detailed cultivation techniques of Panax quinquefolium

(1) selected location:

Because it likes the cool and humid climate of half yin and half yang and the fertile soil rich in humus because of its permeability and looseness. The planting land of American ginseng should be selected on the well-afforested southwest-northeast ventilation road with good drainage on the gully ridge or on the fertile land on both sides of the river, but not on the open Shaolin zone in front of the mountain and the winter cold wind tunnel moving towards northwest and southeast. The PH value of the soil in our city is slightly acidic except for alkaline in the coastal area, and the PH value is between 5 and 6, which meets the growth requirements of Panax quinquefolium. Although it is difficult to find forest-type deep and fertile soil rich in humus, practice has proved that as long as the scientific application of organic fertilizer and rational use of chemical fertilizer, it is feasible in sandy loam and silt loam which is relatively rich in phosphorus and potassium.

(2) Land preparation:

In order to reduce the harm of nematodes and other diseases and pests, Gramineae was better in the previous crop of Panax quinquefolium. Such as wheat and corn stubble after harvest, semi-monthly ploughing and ridging to promote the residue of the previous stubble to decompose and accelerate soil ripening, while applying 6000kg mature pig manure and cow and horse manure (chicken manure, human manure urine is not alkaline) and other crushed fine high-quality organic fertilizer and mature cake fertilizer 50kg and high-quality ternary compound fertilizer 100kg are evenly copied and planed and mixed to 20ml 30cm ploughing layer. In late autumn, a high border was built every 2 meters, with a height of 25 cm, a top of 1.4 m, a slope ratio of 1:1 and a width of 10 cm at the bottom of the ditch. The surface of the border is as thin as possible, and it is covered with fine crushed phosphorous wind fossils of 3 cm (4 cm of planted seedlings), and then covered with 1 Mel 2 cm after sowing. In the middle, more than 50% of 20 grams of carbendazim per square meter should be used for soil disinfection, of which 15 grams should be ploughed and mixed into the soil when ploughing and turning the whole bed, and the remaining 5 grams should be mixed into the fossilized phosphorous wind on the upper bed and covered with seeds.

(3) sowing and transplanting:

Seed direct seeding, 3.5kg per mu of seeds, row and plant spacing of 10 × 10 cm, can be harvested and planed for 4 years, which saves labor and has long ginseng and high yield, but waste mulch, spray too much and cost, more importantly, can not meet the market demand for ginseng root diameter and short, ginseng root price is low. Therefore, the way of raising seedlings first and then transplanting is still adopted in production. When raising seedlings, 3.5kg was raised on 2 minutes with 5 × 6 cm plants and row spacing, and then planed out with 20 × 10 cm rows and plant spacing of about 1 mu after 2 years, and then harvested for two years. American ginseng can not be replanted, and the seedling land can no longer be used to plant American ginseng.

1. Sowing seeds

(1) seed treatment: the fresh fruit is collected when the ginseng fruit is red in August. Immediately scrub off the pulp and dry it slightly, soak the seeds with 1000 times 50% carbendazim for 10 ℃ for 20 minutes, then soak it in 50ppm's high quality gibberellin for 24 hours, then remove it and rinse it with clean water for 24 hours, then mix it with clean water and mix it with sand (seed ∶ sand = 1 ∶ 3). After mixing the sand, put it in a cool place until November, and the temperature should be controlled below 25 ℃. The humidity should be 10% of water, 12% of moisture, too wet and easy to rot, so that it can be loosened as soon as it is loosened into a mass. The seed emergence is prosperous in that year, but the seed emergence is weak in the next year.

(2) sowing time: in late November, 70% of the 80% cracks treated by the above methods and about 30% of the cracks not treated with gibberellin can be picked out and sown in batches until the end of December. The rest of the unexploded mouth was put under 0Mel 5 ℃, and it could still burst in February of the following year, and seedlings could also emerge after sowing. Those who burst later could not emerge because the low temperature treatment time was less than 70 days, and the ripening could not be completed after physiological treatment, or could not emerge completely.

(3) sowing method: sprinkle 3 cm moist wind fossils on the surface of the leveled soil moisture border, sift the moist wind fossils evenly, and then flatten them, then sow the seeds with a standard 5 × 6 cm row spacing punching plate (depth 2 cm) to keep the depth standard consistent, and then sprinkle the wind fossils after sowing to cover the wind fossils for disinfection. For leveling, cover the wind fossils with a plate to ensure that the sowing depth is 2 cm, and then cover the grass 10 to 15 cm thick. In order to preserve soil moisture and prevent frost, seedlings usually emerge around April 20.

2. Transplanting: in order to meet the needs of the market, save land, reduce costs and ensure neat and consistent growth, transplanting usually uses 2-year-old seedlings.

(1) Seedling emergence: after the aboveground part of American ginseng has withered from late October to early November, it is appropriate to plane the border soil along the border, and then start the ginseng root from one end, digging as deep as possible so as not to damage the ginseng root. And try to get up, select, disinfect and transplant at the same time, and it is easy to lose water and damage heat for a long time, which affects survival. If the planting cannot be finished before the end of February and the beginning of March, it should be carried out as early as possible before the bud germinates.

(2) Seedling selection: select ginseng seedlings with strong root system, full bud and no diseases and insect pests, and transplant them into three stages according to their size.

(3) Disinfection: ginseng seedlings are easy to carry bacteria and need to be disinfected before planting. Generally, the seedlings are soaked with 1000 times of carbendazim for 10 minutes, which has a certain effect on the prevention and treatment of root diseases.

(4) transplanting method: planting density: the first grade is 20 × 10 cm, the second grade is 20 × 8 cm, and the third grade is 20 × 6 cm. Oblique planting is better for permeable and drought-prone soil (ginseng seedlings are put into the border at an angle of 45 degrees from the border surface) flat planting is better for those with poor permeability. Thickness of soil cover: 5 cm for first-class seedlings, 4 cm for second-class seedlings, and 3 cm for third-grade seedlings. The wind fossils of the bed 4 cm and the seedlings covered before transplanting should be disinfected with medicine.

(4) Field management

1. Cold protection: no matter the seedlings, transplanting seedlings and sowing seedlings should be covered with grass 10 mi 15 cm thick after late November to preserve soil moisture and prevent freezing. The edge of the ground and border should be thickened, and branches and stones should be pressed on the grass to prevent the wind.

2. Drought resistance: spray water in dry years with little rain and snow to prevent buds from drying up and ensure normal emergence of seedlings in the coming spring.

3. Spring and summer management

(1) timely removal of cold protection: it is appropriate to remove the cold protection when the primrose blossoms at the end of March and the beginning of April, it is easy to be frozen too early, the ginseng seedlings are unearthed too late, and the tender stems are easy to be burned by the sun. When removing the grass, you can leave some short broken grass to conserve soil moisture and prevent Rain Water from hitting the ground. All localities should timely remove the mulch due to climate and phenological changes.

(2) Border surface disinfection: after removing the grass, remove the miscellaneous leaves, spray 1% copper sulfate in the whole field for disinfection and sterilization, but the liquid must not seep into the bud and ginseng root, so as not to cause injury and affect the emergence of seedlings.

(3) loosening the soil on the border surface: after removing the grass, the surface of the border should be moist immediately, and then loosen the soil if it is dry, so as to aerate and raise the temperature to promote the growth of the seedlings, and keep the border surface moist throughout the seedling period, so as to prevent the young stems and leaves from being burned by drought in the topsoil.

(4) greenhouse shading: American ginseng likes oblique and scattered light to be afraid of strong light, but it still needs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis. After picking the nose of Panax quinquefolium and sowing ginseng in the first year, the shade shed should be set up scientifically and reasonably to adjust the light so as to promote the healthy growth of American ginseng. The double transparent greenhouse is adopted, the total length of the main column is 2.2 meters (50 cm underground), and the four main columns are 1.9 m (50 cm underground). The longitudinal distance between the columns depends on the length of the pole. The crossbar is 2.4 meters long. first tie the crossbar with iron wire, then put three shun poles on each border of the crossbar and fix them with iron wire, put shade grass curtains on the bars, and clip them with corn stalks around to form a wind barrier. The transmittance of the curtain depends on the age, and the transmittance of 1-2 years is 15 per cent, 20 per cent, 3-4 years, 30 per cent, 35 per cent. In addition, when the seedlings of Panax quinquefolium are close to being unearthed in the middle of April, the seedlings must be shaded in a shed at the right time, and the young stems and leaves are easy to burn when the border temperature is low and the seedlings emerge late.