High-yield cultivation of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in high cold and arid mountain area

I. general situation of cultivation areas

The Zanthoxylum bungeanum cultivation area in the cold and arid mountain area is located along the Datong River in Tianzhu County, Gansu Province, with an average elevation of 2300 meters, an average annual temperature of 4 ℃, an average annual rainfall of 500mm, an average annual evaporation of 1600 mm, convenient transportation and smooth communication.

II. Planting methods

Planting time: it can be divided into two planting seasons: spring and autumn, and spring is the most suitable. Digging and planting: the planting hole is 50 to 60 centimeters square. Apply 3-5 kg farm manure and 50 g superphosphate per hole. Mix fertilizer with soil and add 100 g fresh lime to prevent root rot. Plant filling soil, after irrigation, cover the hole with fine soil.

Fixed plant row spacing: the plant row spacing of 1.5 m × 2.5 m is generally adopted in pure forest, and the plant row spacing of 4 m × 5 m can be used in prickly ash orchard with intercropping of agriculture and forest. The principle is: large slope, small plant-row spacing; small slope, large plant-row spacing. If the soil is thick, the plant-row spacing is large; if the soil is barren, the plant-row spacing is small.

III. Soil management

Deep ripe soil: pepper under the crown of shallow digging, crown outside deep turn, so as not to hurt the root, between the rows generally dig 33cm to 66cm. In deep digging, organic fertilizer is used as base fertilizer. If it is clayey and heavy soil, sand should be mixed when deep digging. Newly planted young trees should be rotated to expand their nests. Pepper-grain intercropping: crop intercropping with short growing period, short plant and certain economic income should be selected.

In late autumn, cultivate soil around the root system of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. It can increase soil temperature and reduce frost and water evaporation.

Weeding: ploughing and weeding in the pepper garden after rain can cut off capillaries to reduce soil water evaporation and eradicate weeds to facilitate the growth and development of prickly ash.

IV. Fertilization

Fertilization methods: acid soil should be more alkaline fertilizer, alkaline soil should be more acid fertilizer; sand fertilizer is poor, should be applied frequently, clay fertility is good, can be re-applied properly. The methods of fertilization include hole application, annular ditch application, radial ditch application, short strip ditch application and so on. Mountain and sloping pepper orchards should use hole application or short furrow application, no matter which way of fertilization, the ditch hole of fertilization should be dug under the outer edge of the crown. After fertilization, the soil must be covered immediately to prevent the volatilization of nutrients.

Fertilization time and amount: base fertilizer, after picking pepper until the prickly ash sprouts in the following spring, it is the time to apply base fertilizer, and fertilizing immediately after picking is good. Base fertilizer is mainly important fertilizer, and mixed application of phosphate fertilizer. A 6-7-year-old prickly ash tree with flowers of 1 kg and 2 kg can be fertilized with 5-10 kg ring fertilizer and mixed with 150-250 g calcium superphosphate. Topdressing, in the growing season to mature human and animal manure or nitrogen inorganic fertilizer, combined with potash fertilizer. Not less than 2 times in a growth cycle.

V. Winter management

Whitening: mix with lime powder and water to make a paste brush on the tree trunk to prevent cold. Wrap grass: before the beginning of winter, wrap the pepper trunk with wheat straw or straw bag and bind it with rope to avoid freezing damage.

Apply warm fertilizer: before counting nine, apply hot horse and sheep dung to the root of the pepper tree, dig open the topsoil around the trunk, fertilize 5 kilograms per tree according to the size of the tree, and then bury the soil.

Watering: after applying warm fertilizer, pour the pepper tree with winter water, then spread a layer of sand, only a single plant can be watered, must not be flooded, strictly prevent too much water, the ground temperature drops, so that the pepper tree frozen.

Spraying pepper trees with high concentration of plant ash 1 or 2 times before winter can also prevent pepper trees from freezing and kill bacteria and insects.

VI. Shaping and pruning

Pruning period: the whole dormant period from defoliation to germination can be pruned; in areas with frost damage, early spring pruning after thawing to before germination can avoid frost injury.

Young tree shaping: when shaping, we should first consider the lighting and ventilation conditions. Under the premise of ventilation and light transmission, a strong skeleton with uniform distribution was gradually cultivated to form a tree structure with high and stable yield. The general tree shape is multi-main branch cluster shape and natural happy shape.

Pruning methods: generally divided into sparse cutting and short cutting. Sparse shearing can promote flowering and fruiting, short shearing is conducive to the emergence of strong new shoots and enhance growth. In general, young and strong trees should mainly be thinned to expand the crown formation, and at the same time, leave more twigs to become auxiliary branches and fruiting branches, so as to facilitate early fruit and more fruit; for strong branches, they should be put but not cut; for weaker branches, they should be short-cut, generally cutting off the branches of 1 / 3 or 1 / 4. Short shears should be used in the full fruit period, and the fruiting branches should be constantly renewed by short shears to rejuvenate all levels of branches and promote the growth of fruiting branches. in addition, the inner chamber of the crown should be avoided and the fruit parts should be prevented from moving out. The pruning of trees in full fruit period is generally strong and light, while the pruning of trees with weak growth and too much fruit should be heavy. For pepper trees with the phenomenon of large and small years, the fruiting branches should be re-cut in the big year, leaving more developmental branches or promoting growing branches; in small years, more fruiting branches should be left, and some developmental branches should be properly thinned.

Control of root rot of Zanthoxylum bungeanum

Symptoms: after the seedling is infected, the growth stops, showing old and weak seedlings, the leaves turn green, the leaf veins turn red, until the leaves fall off, the whole seedling dies, the root of the underground part is yellowish brown, flooded, edematous, and the root bark is easy to fall off and stink. After the adult Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree is infected, the diseased plant grows weakly, and the leaves are small and yellow. if you dig up the soil, you can obviously see the root rot and discoloration, and have a bad smell.

Control methods: more application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and plant ash at seedling stage. When planting Chinese prickly ash, add 100 grams of fresh lime powder to each nest. Do a good job of drainage so that the pepper garden does not accumulate water as far as possible.

Eighth, the harvest of pepper

Pepper should be dried and stored after timely harvest. There are two ways to dry Zanthoxylum bungeanum: one is to dry in the sun; the other is to bake it in a fire pit. It is generally used to dry. Zanthoxylum bungeanum bungeanum is mainly stored in "low temperature and low humidity airtight storage method".