Key techniques of grape planting!

Although grape is a vine fruit tree, it has developed root system, large leaves, exuberant growth, high fruit yield and long life, so it has a relatively high demand for nutrients.

Fertilizer, as the main source of nutrients for grape plants, is indispensable in grape production and is the basis for the normal growth of grape trees and the production of high-quality fruits.

Fertilizer requirement characteristics of grape

It has the characteristics of storing nutrients.

Grape is a perennial vine, which stores a large amount of nutrients in roots and vines, which are transported from leaves to branches and roots in late summer and early autumn, and from storage organs to new growth points in early spring. supply the needs of bud differentiation and sprouting, branch and leaf growth and development in the early growth stage. Therefore, the storage of nutrients plays an important role in ensuring strong, high and stable yield of trees.

There is a great demand for fertilizer.

The grape has exuberant growth, luxuriant branches and leaves, large amount of fruit, and high demand for soil nutrients. The data show that for each production of 100kg fruit, grapevines need to absorb pure nitrogen 0.3~0.6kg, phosphorus pentoxide 0.1 ~ 0.3 kg, potassium oxide 0.3~0.65kg, magnesium 0.1kg and sulfur 0.05kg from the soil.

Potash fertilizer is in great demand.

Grape is a typical potassium-loving fruit tree, which needs a lot of potassium during the whole growing period, and its demand ranks first among the three elements, far exceeding other fruit trees, 1.7 times that of pears and 2.25 times that of apples. Under general production conditions, the demand ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for grapes is 1: 1. 5: 1. 2.

Sensitive to calcitonin

Under the condition of calcium deficiency, the color of grape leaves became pale, the veins and edges of young leaves turned green, the growth point of new shoots withered, the flowers shrunk, the sugar accumulation of fruit was less, the hardness decreased, the fruit was not resistant to transportation, the fruit was more split, the quality was poor, the new root was short and thick, the plant grew slowly and the yield was low. Therefore, timely and reasonable calcium fertilizer should be applied in production to improve the yield and quality of grapes.

Characteristics of phased fertilizer requirement

Grapes have different growth and development stages in a year, and the elements and quantities required are also different. For example, a large amount of nitrogen nutrition is needed from bud to flowering stage, boron fertilizer is needed in flowering stage, a lot of phosphorus and potassium are needed in berry development and flower bud differentiation stage, calcium nutrition is needed in fruit ripening, and certain nitrogen nutrition is still needed after harvest.

At present, there are some problems in fertilization of grape.

Long-term dependence on chemical fertilizer, serious shortage of organic fertilizer

Long-term application of a large amount of chemical fertilizer will make the soil solidify, the soil quality will become worse, and the content of organic matter, microbial activity and humic acid in the soil will be reduced, resulting in the decrease of the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer.

Long-term application of only chemical fertilizer, no application or only a small amount of organic fertilizer will lead to the deterioration of fruit quality, the deterioration of fruit coloring, the weakening of pulp flavor, the widespread occurrence of physiological diseases, the decrease of fruit storability and the decrease of excellent fruit rate.

Pay more attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer and despise the application of potassium fertilizer

Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer will seriously affect the absorption of calcium, potassium and other elements in grapes, resulting in nutritional disorders, bud eyes are not full, leaves are thin and large, branches can not stop growing in time, flower buds are difficult to form, physiological diseases increase, quality decreases, tree resistance decreases, and a large number of diseases such as acid rot and powdery mildew occur.

Potassium plays a catalytic role in the metabolism of grape, which can promote photosynthesis, regulate stomatal switch, reduce plant transpiration and improve its resistance; potassium plays a very important role in the formation of fruit quality, which can promote fruit expansion, increase sugar content, promote coloring and improve quality. The insufficient use of potash fertilizer will weaken the growth potential of the tree, reduce the resistance, weaken the new shoot growth, stop growing early, the leaf margin will lose green and turn yellow and often curl upward, and then gradually turn brown and scorched, resulting in early leaf fall.

Attach importance to a large number of elements and ignore the application of medium and trace elements

Grape is a perennial fruit tree, once planted for many years, fruit farmers often only pay attention to the supplement of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements in the process of fertilization, and rarely apply medium and trace element fertilizer.

It often leads to the imbalance of soil nutrition, the low utilization rate of fertilizer, the serious phenomenon of element deficiency, the increase of physiological diseases, the decrease of grape quality year by year, and the rate of high quality fruit is difficult to improve. Therefore, in fertilization, we should not only pay attention to the timely supplement of a large number of elements, but also appropriate supplement of trace elements.

Uncertainty and arbitrariness in the period of fertilization

The fertilizer period of fruit trees is closely related to the growth rhythm of fruit trees. Fruit growers often use human factors to determine the fertilization period, but not combined with the law of grape fertilizer demand, which not only can not achieve the purpose of fertilization, but also may cause production losses.

In recent years, the application of base fertilizer in orchards is often delayed until spring, so that the fertilizer effect of base fertilizer can not give full play to the peak period of fertilizer supply, but delay the exertion of fertilizer effect, promote vegetative growth, prevent the growth of new shoots from growing in time, or germinate again, inhibit reproductive growth and affect tree growth and fruit in the second year. And the vegetative growth of the tree is too prosperous, which will reduce the nutrition transported to the fruit and make the fruit yield and quality.

Improper fertilization methods in soil will reduce fertilizer use efficiency.

In soil fertilization, the depth of soil fertilization and the distance between soil fertilization and root system should be grasped. When applying fertilizer, the fertilization area should be expanded, and it should be combined with the full range of soil, fertilization and irrigation.

If the application of fertilizer is too shallow, it is easy to be leached, resulting in waste of fertilizer; too deep, too far away from the root group, can not be effectively used by plants, but also lead to the reduction of fertilizer efficiency.

If the fertilizer is not evenly mixed with the soil, the local concentration is too high, which will lead to root burning, affect plant growth, reduce yield, and even lead to plant death.

Four principles of fertilization for grapes

Organic and inorganic combination

The fertilization of grape should be based on increasing the application of organic fertilizer and reducing the input of chemical fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer can increase the content of soil organic matter, improve soil physical and chemical and biological properties, improve soil water and fertilizer conservation capacity, enhance soil microbial activity, and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer.

In addition to the amount of organic fertilizer, attention should also be paid to the forms and types of organic fertilizer. For example, the combination of straw returning to the field, planting green manure and the application of farm manure and commercial organic fertilizer can better improve soil fertility and achieve high yield, high quality and sustainable development.

For orchards with serious soil problems, we should not only increase the application of organic fertilizer, but also cooperate with sea elves biological stimulants (root application type) to improve soil physical and chemical properties.

Skillfully applying topdressing based on base fertilizer

General base fertilizer should account for 50% to 70% of the total fertilization, and specific fertilization should also adopt the combination of root application and foliar spraying according to soil fertility, tree age, growth strength, yield and other factors.

In general, it follows the principles of more application in big trees, less in small trees, more in weak trees, less in strong trees, more in fruit, less in fruit and so on.

Combination of large, medium and trace fertilizers

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied more, medium and trace elements fertilizers should be applied appropriately, chlorine-containing compound fertilizers and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers should not be applied, and farm manure should be applied more if the fertilizer efficiency is poor.