How to use bee pollination in greenhouse tomato planting?

How to use bee pollination in greenhouse tomato cultivation?

Fund project: Qinghai Provincial Science and Technology Department "Agricultural Science and Technology achievements Transformation and Popularization Plan-Test, demonstration and Popularization of New varieties of Aerospace vegetables" (project number: 2012-N-507).

Tomato is a kind of self-pollinating crop, in the greenhouse, especially in winter and spring, due to the high air humidity, low temperature, no wind and lack of pollination insects in the greenhouse, crops are prone to loose pollination, pollination difficulties and other obstacles, and show serious flower drop, low fruit setting rate, the formation of more abnormal fruits and so on. In the artificial pollination of greenhouse vegetables, the traditional hormone treatment is ideal in increasing yield, but after pollination, the fruit quality and taste are poor, and the rate of abnormal fruit is also high. it will also cause hormone residue and pollute the fruit, and it needs to be dipped in flowers manually, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Using bumblebees to pollinate greenhouse vegetables can effectively solve the above problems. Bumblebees have the following characteristics: a wide range of pollinated crops are suitable for plants with nectaries and non-nectaries, while bees only visit pollinated plants; bumblebees adapt to a wide range of temperature and humidity and operate normally in the range of 10 ℃ ~ 32 ℃; with a longer kiss, it is more effective to pollinate some deep crown plants, such as tomato, pepper and eggplant. The bumblebee can carry millions of pollen each time, and the utilization rate of honey powder is more timely and effective than other bee species, and the pollination efficiency is much higher than that of honeybees. Bumblebees can come out to collect and pollinate as usual in cold and cold weather when bees do not leave the nest. Strong moisture resistance, poor phototaxis, unlike bees that fly into glass and shed, low temperature and high humidity can also be collected on plant flowers; information exchange and transmission systems are underdeveloped, bumblebees do not have sensitive information exchange systems, shown by being able to concentrate on pollinating a certain crop, especially suitable for greenhouse crops Bumblebees have loud wings when they fly, and the flowers of some plants can only release pollen when they are shaken by the buzzing of insects, which makes bumblebees ideal pollinators for these sonic pollination crops such as tomatoes, strawberries and eggplant. Bumblebee pollination ability is very strong, as long as 60,80 worker bees come out of the nest, it can meet the pollination needs of 1-2 mu solar greenhouse or greenhouse, which can not only increase vegetable yield, but also effectively prevent pollution and improve fruit quality.

1 materials and methods

1.1 Materials

Experimental materials (varieties): early ripening tomato (Variety Cooperation 903), provided by Xining seed Station; bumblebee: provided by Hebei Hengshui Wofeng Technology Co., Ltd.

Experimental drug: plant growth regulatory hormone 2mai 4rel D, purchased from Dalian Songliao Chemical Company (a common plant growth regulator in production).

1.2 Experimental design

The experiment was an experiment on the effect of different pollination methods on tomato pollination. Three treatments were designed and repeated for 3 times. The three treatments were as follows: treatment 1: blank control room; treatment 2: hormone treatment room; treatment 3: bumblebee pollination room. The area of each treatment area is 333 m 2. Three greenhouses with the same basic conditions such as soil composition and fertility were selected for each repeated land use in the experiment, and the data were collected by completely random test.

1.3 Test methods

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Huitian planting and breeding Company in Xining City from April to September 2016. In the experiment, tomato was cultivated with large row spacing of 70 cm, small row spacing of 40 cm and plant spacing of 30 cm. It was planted on February 28, pollinated from April 20 to June 20, and the pollination method was carried out according to the experimental design. Fruit picking and data collection were carried out from May 20 to August 10.

1.4 observation indicators and data processing

During the fruit picking period, different treatments of tomato were selected to observe the single fruit weight, total fruit number per plant, abnormal fruit number, fruit vertical diameter and transverse diameter, and the data were statistically analyzed by DPS, Excel and other software.

2 results and analysis

2.1 effects of different pollination methods on tomato yield

The effects of different pollination methods on tomato production indexes are shown in Table 1. The results show that: (1) the total fruit number and yield index of hormone treatment and bumblebee treatment are better than those of the blank control table, and the total fruit number is increased by 24.94% and 16.37%, respectively. the yield increased by 26.61% and 13.32% respectively, indicating that the two treatments could promote tomato yield. In the index of single fruit weight, vertical diameter and transverse diameter, the hormone treatment group was lower than the blank control, while the bumblebee treatment was better than the blank control, which increased by 29.08%, 3.98% and 3.14%, respectively. (2) although hormone treatment and bumblebee treatment had obvious effect on tomato yield, the contribution rate to each index of tomato yield was different. The increasing effect of hormone treatment on yield was only shown in the total fruit number, indicating that hormone treatment was beneficial to the increase of tomato fruit setting rate, which led to the increase of tomato yield; bumblebee treatment not only increased fruit setting rate, but also affected other economic indicators in varying degrees. (3) bumblebee treatment of tomato production.

The index was better than that of hormone treatment, especially in the index of deformity rate, and the fruit was round and full by bumblebee pollination.

Through the analysis of variance of tomato production index (see Table 2), the results showed that there were different levels of differences among different treatments of tomato production. (1) there were differences among the total fruit number treatments, and there were differences among different treatments. Through the comparison of the new compound pole difference method, there were significant differences at 5% level among different treatments. At 1% level, there was no significant difference between bumblebee treatment and hormone treatment, but there was significant difference between bumblebee treatment and blank treatment. (2) the index of deformity rate was 31.74 ≥ F0.01 18 among treatments, and the differences were consistent at 5% and 1% levels. Through the comparison of the new repolarization method, there was a significant difference between bumblebee treatment and hormone treatment, but there was no significant difference between bumblebee treatment and blank treatment. Fang 2.26 ≤ F0.05 6.94, the difference between regions was not significant, and the test results were reliable. (3) the weight index of single fruit was 56.64 ≥ F0.0118 among treatments, and there was significant difference at F0.01 level among treatments. Compared with hormone treatment and blank treatment, the difference between bumblebee treatment, hormone treatment and blank treatment was significant at 1% level, but there was no significant difference between hormone treatment and blank treatment. (4) the F values of longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter between treatments were 62.46 and 121.85 respectively, which were higher than F0.05 and F0.01, and there were differences among different treatments. There was no significant difference between bumblebee treatment and blank treatment, but there was significant difference between them and hormone treatment at 5% and 1% level. The performance of hormone treatment was poor at 1% level, which was significantly different from bumblebee treatment and blank treatment. However, the F values of longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter index groups were 40.97and 142.5 respectively, which were higher than F0.05. the results showed that there were differences among the experimental groups, which would affect the reliability of the above results. (5) the yield index showed that the F values were 62.46 and 121.85 respectively, which were higher than F0.05 and F0.01, and there were differences among the treatments.

Table 1 effects of different pollination methods on tomato production index

Table 2 results of analysis of variance

2.2 effects of different pollination methods on tomato quality

Through the observation and analysis of the experiment (see Table 3), it was found that there were great differences in the effects of different treatments on early-maturing tomato Hezuo 903. (1) the peak ripening period of bumblebee pollination treatment was significantly earlier than that of hormone treatment and blank control. (2) the fruit of bumblebee pollination treatment showed good maturity, bright color and round fruit shape, while the blank control treatment showed poor maturity, dim fruit color, small fruit shape and less round fruit shape, while hormone 2prime4 treatment showed fruit maturity, fresh color and round fruit shape. (3) bumblebee pollination treatment had rich fruit aroma, fresh and succulent, good seed maturity and more seeds; blank treatment had less juice, poor taste and almost no grain in the fruit; hormone 2-ray-4-ray D treatment showed less juice and hard taste, less grain content and immaturity in the fruit. Through experimental observation, it was found that bumblebee pollination could significantly increase the commodity rate and yield of tomato, reduce fruit deformity and improve fruit quality.

Table 3 effects of different pollination methods on quality

2.3 Economic benefit analysis

The economic benefit analysis (see Table 4) shows that the cost of a box of bumblebees in a 333 m 2 greenhouse is about 350 yuan (price of bumblebees: 350 yuan per 80 bumblebees, 80 bumblebees per box).

The cost of using 2mae4murD is about 1 yuan, but using 2mae4murD requires artificial flowers, and a 333m2 greenhouse requires a labor cost of 240yuan (a total of 6 times, each time two people finish each day, and the labor cost is 20 yuan per person per day). So excluding the cost of pollination by bumblebee and the net income per greenhouse can be increased by about 896.6 yuan and 117.4 yuan respectively. The input-output ratio of each greenhouse pollinated by bumblebee and pollinated by bumblebee was 1 ∶ 2.28,1 ∶ 1.24 respectively. The farmers pollinated by bumblebee in greenhouse tomato production could increase more income (the total yield of 333m2 blank control greenhouse was about 2500 kg, according to the market price of tomato, the good commercial product was 1.2RMB / kg, and the poor commercial value was 0.9RMB / kg).

Table 4 Economic benefit analysis of different pollination methods

3 summary and discussion

3.1 Summary

The main results are as follows: (1) bumblebee pollination has advantages in production. Bumblebee pollination of greenhouse tomato is a modern high-tech agricultural technology measure with low cost, high efficiency and no pollution, which has the effect of less investment, time-saving, labor-saving and sustainable development.

(2) all the production indexes of tomato treated by bumblebee were better than those treated with hormone, which could effectively reduce the rate of deformity and improve the appearance quality and taste of fruit.

(3) the use of bumblebee pollination in greenhouse production can not only achieve the best pollination effect, but also because the "bumblebee" pollinates when it has the most pollen and the strongest activity, it can form more ovules and seeds and make the texture of fruits and vegetables more solid, so it can improve the quality of fruits and fruits. Moreover, pollination is completed by bumblebees, and the beehives are made of natural materials, which are suitable for bumblebees to survive, and are equipped with food. once put into the greenhouse or greenhouse, there is no need for management, saving time and effort; after releasing the bees, reduce the use of toxic drugs, in particular, put an end to the use of plant growth hormone and residues in fruits and vegetables, reduce pollution in fruits and vegetables, and be conducive to the health of consumers.

3.2 discussion

Although Xiongfeng pollination has advantages in production, it is necessary to pay attention to the following.

(1) prevent stinging. Avoid beehive strong vibration or knock on the beehive, staff should not wear blue clothes and use cosmetics such as perfume.

(2) rational application of pesticides. After the bumblebee returns to the hive, move the hive out of the greenhouse and apply the medicine again, and put it back in place two days later. The application of slow-acting insecticides, wettable powders, fumigants and pesticides containing sulfur is strictly prohibited.

To sum up, in order to safely and effectively speed up the production of pollution-free vegetables in greenhouse, we should increase the popularization and application of bumblebee pollination technology.