Standardized cultivation techniques for dwarfing and dense planting of Moringa oleifera in Meixian County

Standardized cultivation techniques for dwarfing and dense planting of Moringa oleifera in Meixian County

1 develop the present situation of planting

Meixian District, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province is located in the northeast of Guangdong Province, between latitude 23 °55'~ 24 °48 °N and longitude 115 °47'~ 116 °33'E. the average annual temperature is 21.3 ℃, the average rainfall is 1 528.5 mm, and the average annual relative humidity is 78%. Belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate, the sun is abundant, the heat is rich, the rainfall is abundant, the rain is hot in the same season, dry and cold at the same time, but easy to drought and flood. The main disaster weather are: low temperature and overcast rain in spring, cold in spring, dragon boat water from May to June and Taiwan wind and rain between summer and autumn, cold dew wind in autumn and frost in winter.

Meizhou has good air quality and wide distribution of selenium-rich soil, which is very suitable for planting Moringa oleifera. Since 2000, Meizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Meizhou Huading Xinwei Moringa Technology Co., Ltd. have introduced and planted Moringa oleifera, which have been popularized and planted in Chengjiang Town, Shuiche Town, Songkou Town, Baidu Town, Meijiang District and other places in Meixian District for more than 10 years. with the model of enterprises + scientific research institutions + bases + farmers, promote tea planting, vegetable planting and seed-producing planting to promote the development and planting of farmers.

In recent years, Guangdong Hongji Agriculture and Forestry Biology Co., Ltd. has planted 13.33 hm2 of Moringa oleifera in Huzhou Village, Chengjiang Town, Meixian District, and successfully developed products such as Moringa oleifera, etc. At present, the deep processing products of Moringa oleifera are still in short supply. Through more than 10 years of cultivation and cultivation in Meixian District, the majority of growers have achieved better economic, ecological and social benefits; at the same time, they have also accumulated experience in standardized cultivation techniques for dwarfing and dense planting. Effectively promote the development of the Moringa oleifera industry in the direction of organization, scale, standardization, mechanization, brand and marketization, and cultivate pollution-free, green and organic safe food.

2 Biological characteristics of Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera is a plant of the genus Moringa of the family Moringa, also known as the drumstick tree. It has beautiful branches and leaves, yellow and white flowers and fragrant flowers, and is usually used as an ornamental tree. It is not only a perennial tropical deciduous tree, but also a characteristic plant for both medicine and food.

Spicy trees can be up to 20 years old. The suitable growth temperature is 25 ~... 35 ℃, can withstand a high temperature of 48 ℃ in shade and a slight frost. Severe cold can kill the aboveground part of Moringa oleifera, but the new buds will sprout and grow again after severe cold. For the perennial fast-growing tree, the main root is very long, the root is spicy, rough and easy to grow, barren tolerance, strong drought resistance, strong resistance to diseases and insect pests. The growth is large, the tree height can reach 10 ~ 12 m and the trunk diameter can reach more than 20 ~ 40 cm. The trunk is erect and the main branch begins to sprout when it reaches 1.5 ~ 2 m. The extension of the main branch has no certain rule, and its crown is very much like an umbrella, and its ability to resist typhoon is weak. 2-3 rows of pinnately compound leaves were formed at the top of the shoot, with a length of 20-70 cm and a leaflet length of 1-2 cm. The flowers are white or milky yellow with a fragrant smell. The inflorescence is 10 ~ 25 cm long, 2.5 cm,5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 stamens and 5 degenerated pistils. The pods are 3-lobed, 20 ~ 60 cm long, 3 dehiscent when dry, and each pod contains 12 ~ 35 seeds. The seed is round and brown, with 3 paper white wings on it, and the fruit period is 6 ~ 12 months.

Horseradish root, stem, leaf, flower, seed are all edible. Leaves as vegetables to eat, roots to drink soup, seeds can extract oil, with health care, medicine, beauty and other functions. It is understood that Moringa oleifera is rich in 20 kinds of amino acids, of which 8 are essential amino acids for the human body that cannot be synthesized at present, have the characteristics of "high protein and zero cholesterol", and can prevent and treat a variety of diseases. it is considered by the International Food Organization as an ideal food substitute to solve the dream of human health and longevity. In 2012, the Ministry of Health listed Moringa oleifera in the list of "China's New Resource Food".

3 standardized cultivation techniques of dwarfing and dense planting

3.1 site selection

The tropical or subtropical areas with rainfall of 250 ~ 3000 mm, leeward to the sun, convenient transportation, mountain, paddy field, dry land and vegetable land below 25 °slope, the soil layer is deep, loose and fertile, and the loam, sandy loam, red loam or slightly alkaline soil with good drainage and irrigation is the most suitable in sandy soil with pH value of 5 ~ 9.

3.2 selection of species

It is appropriate to choose mildew-free, moth-free, full grains, dry round brownish or light brown seeds, and almond-shaped seeds after shelling. Generally, the amount of seed used is 42 ~ 45 g per 667 m2.

3.3 Seedling raising

First, sowing seedlings, sowing seeds directly in the hole, each hole sowing 2 ~. 3 seeds, covered with soil for 1.5 ~ 2 cm, germinated 10 ~ 12 days after sowing, and a strong seedling could be selected after emergence. The second is cutting seedling. Stems with terminal buds and branches with diameter of 4 ~ 15 cm and length of 100 ~ 150 cm were selected for cutting. When cutting, the cuttings of 1paw 3 should be buried in the hole to cover the soil and cover the grass to moisturize, which is easy to promote the growth of roots and has a high survival rate.

3.4 planting time

It can be planted in spring, summer and autumn in Meizhou area, and it is the best to plant before spring sprouting.

3.5 Dwarf and dense planting

According to the different parts of the plant harvested, different planting methods of Moringa oleifera were determined. Different planting methods have different planting quantity per 667 m2. The row spacing of vegetable planting type is 1.5 m × 2.5 m, every 667 m 2. The row spacing of tea planting type was 2.5 m × 2.5 m, and the row spacing of seed planting type was 2 m × 2.5 m, with 133 species per 667 m 2.

3.6 planting pattern

Seedling transplanting is to raise seedlings with nutrition cups and protect young roots when transplanting. Strip planting with deep trench and high border was adopted. The soil was fertilized with base fertilizer before the whole bed, and the planting holes of 50 cm × 50 cm × 50 cm were dug. Each hole was mixed with rotten organic fertilizer 20 ~ 30 kg, 0.2 ~ 0.5 kg superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, and returned to the soil about 10 cm above the ground. Dig a hole in the center of the border, the depth is slightly higher than the main root of Moringa oleifera seedlings, put the Moringa oleifera seedlings in the center of the hole, straighten the seedlings, cultivate the soil, stand firm, cover the soil 5 ~ 10 cm above the ground, pour enough fixed root water after planting, cover the grass to moisturize.

3.7 Field management

3.7.1 after young trees manage Moringa oleifera transplanting, apply fertilizer and water frequently to keep the soil moist, often check red spiders, butterfly larvae, root rot, powdery mildew and other diseases and insect pests, and timely select corresponding chemicals for comprehensive control.

3.7.2 adult tree management (1) rational fertilization: one month before pod harvest, 0.3 ~ 0.5 g compound fertilizer, 2 ~ 3 g organic fertilizer or 5 ~ 6 g fire soil ash were applied in holes or furrows around the plant, and mature fresh dung water or biogas water was applied. Second, before spring bud sprouting, 0.5 ~ 0.6 g compound fertilizer was applied to plants from November to December to promote shoot and root growth.

(2) Water management: Moringa oleifera has long main root, strong drought resistance, low water requirement, covered with weeds around the tree plate, cooling and moisturizing, proper irrigation in dry season, and stagnant water in rainy season from May to June to prevent rotting roots.

(3) Anti-cold and anti-freezing: from the Beginning of Winter to the Spring Equinox in Meixian District, Meizhou, Guangdong Province, the tree will freeze to death because the root temperature is lower than 5 ℃. Therefore, the root of Moringa oleifera needs to be covered with a layer of straw, the stem is partially bandaged and painted white, spray water after frost to defrost, prune the frozen branches and withered branches, cross branches, disease and insect branches and so on.

3.7.3 reasonable pruning of Moringa oleifera trees in dense planting orchard is coarse and easy to grow, generally growing above 7 m, and collecting fresh leaves mainly, it should be dried when the plant height is about 0.5 m, and it is suitable to be 3 ~ 4 m high. 2 ~ 3 branches should be left within 1 m in winter every year to promote branches to produce fresh leaves. If the grain is mainly harvested, it will be dried at about 1.5 m to promote its multiple branches and cultivate an umbrella-shaped crown.

3.8 Integrated pest control

The main diseases and pests of Moringa oleifera are butterfly larvae, red spiders, leaf miner and inchworm, root rot, powdery mildew and so on. (1) physical control. Grab or cut off the diseased branches and leaves by hand, clear them out of the garden or bury them deeply, and strengthen the management to urge them to sprout new buds again. (2) chemical control. Butterfly larvae, leaf miners and inchworm: usually feed on tender leaves and shoots of Moringa oleifera in the morning, evening and cloudy days. In the new shoot stage, the larvae are in the low instar stage, and 2.5% of the enemy can be selected to kill them. Common insecticide sprays such as 3000-5000 times or 20% fenvalerate 3000-5000 times. Red spider: cluster on the back of the young leaves to suck sap, the affected leaves are gray-white at the beginning, turn yellow gradually, and the severely damaged leaves wither and fall, 1.8% avermectin can be selected. 2000 times, or 5% Nisolone EC 2000 times spray. Every 7 ~... Spray once in 10 days, 2 ~ 3 times successively. Root rot: root rot is easy to occur when there is stagnant water or too much water in the seedling stage. Powdery mildew: it is mainly harmful to tender leaves, which can be controlled by drugs such as trimethoprim and methyl topiramate.

3.9 harvesting

The treetops, leaves and fruits of Moringa oleifera are all edible, and the parts of harvested plants are selected according to the desired use.

3.9.1 the main species of Sophora oleifera can be harvested in the same year, with a plant height of about 1 m and a main stem diameter of 2 m. When the tender shoot grows to 30 ~ 40 cm, it will be picked at 20 cm at the cork site. That is, take turns to pick 50% of the tender shoots of the whole plant, leaving 50% of the tender shoots to continue to grow without pruning. Or the tender shoots with a length of more than 30 cm were picked and pruned every 3 times. Plants after shoot harvesting must retain appropriate leaves to ensure that they can carry out normal photosynthesis to facilitate production. Under the condition of adequate nutrition, it can be picked once in about 25 days in the rainy season and 40 days in the dry season. Take one time from left to right.

3.9.2 the harvested leaves were mainly harvested when the diameter of the main stem was 3 cm, the diameter of effective branches was about 2 cm, and the leaves were dark green. Take it. When harvesting, pick the whole compound leaf directly from the base of the compound leaf petiole by hand or combine harvesting with pruning, first cut off the 2-3-3-4-long branches with branches, and then pick the leaves from the cut branches. Generally, it can be harvested once in 90 days and 4 times a year.

3.9.3 the main harvest fruit can be harvested every year after June: the tender seeds in the edible Moringa moringa capsule should be harvested at the end of the kernel expansion in the capsule. It was observed that when the pericarp was light green and the capsule was semi-corked, the fruit was harvested by hand. Seed production fruit harvested from September to November: mature Moringa oleifera capsule whose pericarp is yellowish brown and can be harvested when the pericarp tends to dry up.

3.9.4 fresh or dry (1) fresh-keeping: the young shoots should be sealed with fresh-keeping film in time and stored in a cold storage environment at a low temperature (5 ℃). The general shelf life is about 5 days. (2) drying: do not pile up for a long time after picking tender shoots and leaves. The leaves stacked for a long time are easy to heat, yellowing and produce the smell of wine, while the leaves that have been stacked for a long time, such as hot water, are yellowish brown, seriously affecting the quality. It is necessary to cool and dry in time. On a sunny day, the harvested leaves can be spread out directly on the sun field and dry naturally after 3 ~ 4 days. In case of rainy day, the collected leaves should be dried in a hot air drying box in time, the temperature in the box should be set to 50 ℃, and the leaves can be bagged and stored after drying for 4 ~ 5 days.

3.9.5 the vegetable capsule can be stored for 1 ~ 2 days at room temperature and 5 ~ 7 days at low temperature (5 ℃). For the capsule used for seed production, the pericarp should be removed in time after harvest, and the seeds should be dried at room temperature and stored in a plastic mesh bag with good permeability. The suitable storage time is 1 year, and the germination rate of seeds will be affected for a long time.