Management Calendar of Blueberry cultivation in greenhouse in Shandong Peninsula

Management Calendar of Blueberry cultivation in greenhouse in Shandong Peninsula

Blueberry scientific name blueberry, belongs to the rhododendron family blueberry shrub small berry tree. Blueberry has the unique effects of preventing brain nerve aging, enhancing heart function, preventing visual fatigue and preventing cancer. Blueberry is one of the five healthy fruits recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The research on the introduction and cultivation of blueberry in China began at the end of the 20th century. Shandong Peninsula has a cool climate, suitable temperature, and mostly acidic soil, which is very suitable for blueberry cultivation. Shandong Peninsula began to introduce and commercially grow blueberries in 2000 and is currently the largest large-scale blueberry growing area in China. After years of greenhouse cultivation of blueberries (figure 1), a set of greenhouse blueberry planting techniques are summarized, which are introduced as follows for reference.

Fig. 1 cultivation of blueberry in greenhouse

November (Lesser Cold, Greater Cold)

Phenological phase: dormancy-budding-budding. This month is the coldest time of the year, to reach the blueberry germination temperature, the main agricultural operation is heating in the greenhouse, followed by water and fertilizer, plant protection, weeding and other agricultural work.

1.1 heating up

The greenhouse which meets the cooling demand (the ℃ model reaches 750h) should not be heated too fast, and the slow heating method should be adopted to make the blueberry adapt to the change of temperature. By adjusting the covering area of straw felt and the size of the air vent, the temperature in the shed can meet the following requirements: daytime temperature, 9: 15 ℃ in the first week, 15: 22 ℃ in the second week, and then the daytime temperature should be controlled at 22: 28 ℃, no more than 33 ℃ until the inflorescence is separated. Keep warm at night through a straw felt covered shed.

1.2 Water and fertilizer management

After heating up, sprout water was poured in time, and nitrogen fertilizer was used as the main fertilizer. Blueberry was easy to absorb ammonium nitrogen and not only difficult to absorb nitrate nitrogen, but also had a bad effect on growth. It is recommended to use ammonium sulfate, combined with phosphorus and potassium multi-element fertilizer, along with drip irrigation.

1.3 Plant protection management and weeding

After the greenhouse is heated up, with the increase of the temperature in the greenhouse, weeds begin to grow in the greenhouse, which provides a living place for aphids to grow and reproduce. Weeds need to be weeded as early as possible to avoid damage to bee colonies pollinated by overlapping spraying of aphids and blueberry florescence. First of all, the weeds in the shed were removed manually, and then the chemical was sprayed. Generally in late January (7-10 days before flowering), the choice of agents are imidacloprid, imidacloprid and mineral oil and so on.

February (the Beginning of Spring, Rain Water)

Phenological phase: inflorescence separation-florescence. The main agricultural operations are temperature control, bee pollination, water and fertilizer management.

2.1 temperature control

The temperature in the greenhouse can be adjusted by using the automatic temperature controller or manually adjusting the size of the air outlet at the top of the greenhouse. During the inflorescence separation period, the daytime temperature is 22: 28 ℃, not more than 33 ℃, and the flowering temperature is 23: 25 ℃, not more than 28 ℃. Keep warm at night as far as possible, so that the temperature should not be lower than 10 ℃.

2.2 releasing bees for pollination

The greenhouse uses the combination of bees and bumblebees to pollinate at least 1 box of bees and 1 case of bumblebees in each shed. When placing the beehive, the hive door faces southeast, and the honeybee hive is directly placed on the ridge surface; the bumblebee hive is 40~80cm away from the ridge surface, and the beehive is covered with a sunshade net to keep a certain distance between the sunshade net and the hive. After the beehive is fixed, the position should not be changed, otherwise the pollination bees will not return to the nest in time, and the pollination bees will freeze to death due to the low temperature at night. In the process of pollination, bees need to be fed with sugar water (sugar ∶ water = 1 ∶ 0.6). When the beehive is placed, the sugar water is changed once every 2 to 3 days, and the sugar water is temporarily interrupted during flowering. Sugar water has been fed in the commercial bumblebee hive and does not need to be added. Avoid spraying chemicals during flowering so as not to affect pollination by pollination bees and fruit setting of blueberries.

2.3 Water and fertilizer management

Flowering is a period of large consumption of plant nutrients, and drastic changes take place in the environment. Irrigation will generally cause a sudden drop in soil temperature, which is disadvantageous to flowering and fruit setting. It is not suitable to apply fertilizer during flowering.

3 March (stinging, the Spring Equinox)

Phenological phase: flowering-falling flowers-young fruit. The agricultural operations at this stage include temperature control, water and fertilizer management and plant protection management.

3.1 temperature control

The suitable temperature during the flowering day is 23: 25 ℃, not more than 28 ℃. When 95% of the petals of the whole tree fall off, remove the beehive, control the temperature within 33 ℃ during the day, and keep as warm as possible at night.

3.2 Water and fertilizer management

Watering at flowering stage is still based on the principle of no drought and less watering. In the young fruit stage, water and fertilizer were carried out at the same time, mainly nitrogen fertilizer, combined with phosphorus and potassium multi-element fertilizer, with drip irrigation.

3.3 Plant protection management

Pay attention to the occurrence and prevention of Botrytis cinerea, you can use Trichoderma harzianum wettable powder, Baolian 10% wettable powder 1000-1500 times, polyoxomycin 3% water 400-800 times spray. Pick (cut) diseased fruits, diseased flowers, diseased leaves and diseased branches in time.

April to May (Qingming Festival, Grain Rain, the Beginning of Summer, Lesser Fullness of Grain)

Phenological phase: young fruit-mature stage. The main farming work is fruit picking, and the rest is temperature control, water and fertilizer management, plant protection management and bird control.

4.1 temperature control

In the young fruit stage, the daytime temperature was still controlled within 33 ℃, and the temperature was kept as warm as possible at night. During the fruit ripening period, the vents at the top of the greenhouse should be opened as far as possible to keep the temperature in the greenhouse at 24-28 ℃ during the day and keep warm at night.

4.2 Water and fertilizer management

Fertilization was completed 2 weeks before picking, and no more fertilizer was applied during fruit picking. Water is based on the principle of drought and less watering.

4.3 Plant protection management

Blueberries are vulnerable to fruit flies during ripening. The control method is to trap and kill adults with sugar and vinegar solution. According to the chemotaxis of fruit flies, sugar ∶ vinegar ∶ wine ∶ water = 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 4 is used to prepare bait sugar and vinegar solution before fruit ripening. 30 bottles are hung in each shed and hung in the shade of blueberry canopy. In addition, it is necessary to clean up the hygiene in the garden and remove the fallen fruit in time to reduce the harm of fruit flies. To prevent birds, cover the bird net at the vent in front of the shed to prevent birds from pecking at blueberries.

4.4 picking

The fruits that reach the picking standard should be picked in time. Harvest in batches.

From June to October (Grain in Beard, the Summer Solstice, Xiaobao, Greater Heat, the Beginning of Autumn, Office, White Dew, the Autumn Equinox, Cold Dew, Frosts Descent)

Phenological phase: branch growth-secondary branch growth-flower bud differentiation. These 5 months belong to the tree maintenance stage after picking in the greenhouse. The main agricultural operations are plant protection management, water and fertilizer management, ridge arrangement, coring, brushing tung oil and weeding.

5.1 Plant protection management

Branch blight, leaf spot and root rot are easy to occur after blueberry picking. Pests include shell insects, grubs, thrips, diamondback moths and so on.

Control of branch blight. Plant disease-resistant varieties, cut off the 15~20cm below the symptomatic branches and destroy them; strengthen the management of water and fertilizer to enhance the tree potential and maintain the health of the park. After pruning, clear the diseased branches and old branches out of the park and burn them in time; control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse and open the shed regularly for ventilation; if there is stagnant water in the shed after rain, it should be discharged in time. The insecticides can be sprayed with 1000 times of azolinamide, 1500 times of cyclidine and 2000 times of pyrazole azoxystrobin.

Prevention and control of leaf spot. Plant disease-resistant varieties; avoid excessive irrigation and reduce humidity in the greenhouse. Difenoconazole 2000 times solution, azoxystrobin 1500 times solution and polyoxomycin B 1500 times solution can be used for chemical control.

Prevention and control of root rot. Reasonable soil and fertilizer management to enhance tree potential; avoid planting in low-lying areas; control irrigation times; continuous rainy weather to keep drainage unobstructed in ridges to avoid stagnant water; agricultural operations to avoid root damage. The chemical control can be irrigated with 800-fold solution of oxomalin + metalaxyl and 300-fold solution of Trichoderma harzianum.

Shell insect control. Combined with pruning and cutting off insect branches to reduce the population number of overwintering insects. When the number of fixed scale insects on blueberry branches is small, they can be brushed off with a brush or scraped off with bamboo slices. Chemical control seizes the critical period of control, that is, when the shell worm is attached to the blueberry leaves, the shell worm is in the nymph stage and is sensitive to insecticides. The medicament can be selected with 95% mineral oil EC 200 times and 22.4% snail ethyl ester suspension 200 times.

Grub control. Light trap, according to the phototaxis of beetles, use black light to trap and kill adults to reduce the number of grubs. Chemical control can be irrigated with 48% chlorpyrifos EC 1000 times solution.

Thrips control. Make use of the blue habit of thrips to trap and kill adults through the blue armyworm board. The medicament control can choose 1500 times solution of 60g/L ethyl spinosad suspension and 1500 times solution of furosemide soluble granules.

Control of diamondback moth. Making use of the phototaxis of adults of diamondback moth, black light was used to trap and kill adults. The medicament control can choose 1500 times solution of methylvitamin salt, 1500 times solution of 20% cypermethrin EC and 2000 times solution of zeta- cypermethrin EC.

5.2 Water and fertilizer management

The application of nitrogen fertilizer was controlled after fruit picking, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, which was applied twice from picking to dormant period, the first time was in early June (after picking), and the second application was in late August. Applying organic fertilizer in autumn, using surface fertilization, spreading the whole layer of the ridge surface, and following the shallow ridge surface, the fermented cow manure of about 4kg was applied to the fruit trees producing more than 3kg.

5.3 Ridge arrangement, heart picking, tung oil brushing and weeding

In the process of picking, the ridge surface is not formed due to human trampling, so it is generally necessary to rearrange the ridge after picking. The main purpose of coring is to let the branches produce lateral branches, increase the number of fruiting branches and improve the quality of flower bud formation. When the fruit tip length exceeds 30cm, it is necessary to timely coring and control its vigorous growth, so as not to affect the flower bud differentiation. The main purpose of paulownia oil is to protect and prolong the service life of greenhouse scaffolding. The weeds in the shed are removed manually.

June and November (the Beginning of Winter, Lesser Snow)

Phenological phase: nutrient reflux-dormancy, the main farming are buckle greenhouse film and covered straw felt, temperature management.

6.1 buckle shed film and cover straw felt

The greenhouse controls the temperature in the greenhouse by buckling film and covering straw felt to make the temperature in the greenhouse reach the standard of cold storage.

6.2 temperature management

At this time, temperature management is to meet the cooling requirement for blueberry to release dormancy, which is very important for the growth and development of blueberry in the later stage. If the cold capacity is not enough, blueberry can not sprout properly, or sprout irregularly, even if the environmental conditions are suitable. Even cause flower organ deformity or serious abortion, resulting in yield and quality decline. After the greenhouse is fastened with plastic film, the measures of covering straw felt during the day and opening at night are taken to control the temperature in the greenhouse at 0: 7.2 ℃ to reach the cooling capacity of more than 750h.

July and December (heavy Snow, the Winter Solstice)

Phenological phase: dormancy. The main farming work is temperature management, plant protection management, pruning.

Temperature management is the same as in November. Spray Bordeaux liquid to prevent blueberry disease. Results Tree pruning mainly controlled tree height, improved light conditions, thinned branches, and removed tillers produced by dense branches, thin and weak branches, branches of diseases and insect pests and roots. When pruning, one is to determine the amount of flowers retained according to the tree size and tree potential: for example, the number of branches and flowers retained is 60,70 and 150,200 for the plants with load 2kg, and 90,120 and 250,300 for the plants with 3kg. The second is to maintain a certain number of fruiting big branches, and to maintain the best fruiting age of 5-7 years, and to withdraw and renew when it exceeds. Pruning should be completed before heating up, first pruning the branches of withered diseases and insect pests, and then pruning reasonably according to the tree potential, size and target yield.

Fund project: special fund for forestry public welfare industry scientific research fund of Science and Technology Department of State Forestry Administration "breeding of characteristic small berry varieties and industrialization technology development and demonstration" (201204402).