Main varieties and High-yield cultivation techniques of Lotus Root in Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Main varieties and High-yield cultivation techniques of Lotus Root in Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province

Project source: "Research on High-yield cultivation techniques of selenium-enriched Lotus Seeds", a scientific and technological cooperation project of "Agriculture, Countryside and six parties" in Zhejiang Province.

Lotus root is one of the main aquatic vegetables in Quzhou. For a long time, the old varieties such as Jiangxi fig lotus root were mainly planted there. Due to the lack of timely purification and multiple cropping, the varieties degraded year by year, the yield, quality and disease resistance decreased, and the corruption occurred seriously. the lotus root industry almost stagnated or even decreased. In recent years, Quzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences has successively introduced a number of early-maturing, medium-maturing and high-yield Elian series varieties from Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, such as' Elian 6', 'Elian 7', 'Elian 9' and so on. There are also 'Donghezao lotus root', 'Piaohua lotus root' and other varieties for trial planting and popularization. through several years of promotion, Elian series and other varieties have become the main local varieties and achieved better economic benefits.

1 cultivated varieties and characteristics

1.1 'Elian No.7'

Precocious variety. The plant height is 110 ~ 130 cm, the leaf diameter is about 70 cm, and the flowers are white. The main lotus root is 4 ~ 6 nodes, the internodes are short cylindrical, the internodes are 10 ~ 14 cm long and 8 ~ 10 cm thick, the internodes are uniform, the flesh of the lotus root is thick, the epidermis is yellow and white, and the weight of single whole lotus root is 2.2 ~ 2.5 kg. Late June ~... In the first ten days of July, the yield of green lotus root was about 1000 kg per 667m2, and that of withered lotus root was about 1900 kg.

1.2 'Elian No.6'

Medium-ripe variety. The plant height is 160180 cm, the leaf is nearly round, the surface is smooth, the leaf radius is about 36 cm, the petiole is about 1.9 cm thick, the flowering is more, the flower is white, the lotus root begins to grow around 13 leaves, and the growth period. About 125 days, it was shallow in the mud. The shape of the lotus root Internode is medium and short tube shape, the epidermis is yellow and white, the head and shoulder of the lotus root are round and obtuse, and the internode is uniform. The main lotus root is 6 ~ 7 nodes, 90 ~ 110 cm long, 14 ~ 17 cm long, 8 cm thick, and the weight of single whole lotus root is about 3.5 kg. Per 667 m2 in mid-July. The yield of green lotus root is about 1500 kg, and that of withered lotus root is 2000 ~. 2 500 kg .

1.3 'Elian 9' (Big Mac)

Early and middle ripening varieties. The plant height is about 180 cm, the petiole is thick, the leaf is nearly round and spreading, the radius is about 43 cm, the leaf surface is rough, the flowering is more, and the flowers are white. The length of Internode is about 14 cm, the diameter is about 8 cm, the lotus root shape index is about 1.6, the main lotus root is 5 ~ 7 nodes, the weight of single whole lotus root is about 4 kg, and the weight of main lotus root is about 4 kg. About 2.4 kg. The yield of lotus root is 2 500 ~ 3 000 kg per 667m2.

1.4 'Donghe early lotus root'

Precocious variety. The length of the back leaf of spring lotus root is about 66 cm, the length of main lotus root is about 51 cm, the average number of internodes is 2.3, the length and transverse diameter of internodes are about 20 cm and 6.7 cm, respectively, yellowish, smooth epidermis, sweet and crisp meat, suitable for stir-frying or raw food. The length of posterior leaf of summer lotus root is about 69 cm, the length of cotyledon is about 1 ~ 2, the length of main lotus root is about 62 cm, the average number of internodes is about 3.3, the length and transverse diameter of internodes are about 18 cm and 7.5 cm, respectively, light yellow. The growth periods of spring lotus root and summer lotus root were 76 days and 75 days, respectively. The yield of spring lotus root and summer lotus root per 667 m2 is respectively. 1,500 kg and 2,000 kg.

1.5 'floating lotus root'

Precocious variety. Petiole length 140cm, leaf oval, leaf diameter. 75 cm, white flowers with red tips. The main lotus root is 5 ~ 7 nodes, 120 ~ long. 150 cm, transverse diameter 7 ~ 8 cm, single support weight 5 ~ 6 kg, tip node thick, mud depth 25 ~ 30 cm, skin yellowish white. At the beginning of July, the yield of green lotus root was about 1500 kg per 667m2, and the yield of mature lotus root in August was about 2000 kg.

(2) double cropping and double cropping cultivation in greenhouse

2.1 selection of varieties

Precocious varieties such as' Donghe early lotus root', 'Elian 7' and 'Piaohua lotus root' were selected.

2.2 cultivation facilities

Can choose steel frame, bamboo frame greenhouse, commonly have steel frame 8m, steel frame

6m greenhouse, etc.

2.3 selection and treatment of lotus root

The cultivation of spring lotus root selects whole lotus root or seed lotus root with 3 or more nodes, which is in line with the characteristics of the variety, complete terminal bud, fresh color, disease-free spot insect damage, stout lotus root body and 3 or more nodes. The amount of seed used per 667m2 is 300 ~ 400 kg. Before planting, soak the seeds with 25% prochloraz EC 500800 times solution for 1 hour, or soak the seeds with 98% carbendazim SP 2000 times solution for 3 ~ 5 min, wait for the solution to dry and plant. Young lotus root can be selected as seed in summer lotus root cultivation to reduce production cost.

2.4 colonization

Spring lotus root in Quzhou is generally transplanted in sunny and warm weather at the beginning of March. If the greenhouse is used to keep warm, the lotus root should be planted early, and the lotus root should be planted as soon as you choose. When planting, the lotus root head is slightly oblique to 10 ~ 15 cm, and the lotus root tip is tilted to the surface of the soil, which is at an angle of about 20 °. The lotus root was cultivated with high density in greenhouse, the row spacing was 1 ~ 1.5m × 0.8m, and the seed amount per 667m ~ 2 was 400 ~ 500kg. Summer lotus roots are planted as they are dug up in spring.

2.5 temperature management

The early floating leaf period of spring lotus root is mainly sealed and insulated, and the film is generally not exposed, such as proper irrigation and heat preservation in case of cold current. Properly ventilated after the vertical leaf is unfolded. Hot and sunny weather, the temperature in the shed is higher than 35 ℃, should be timely ventilation to prevent high temperature damage to seedlings. During the opening period of the second standing leaf, open both ends of the greenhouse film to ventilate the seedlings every day. After the third vertical leaf is unfolded, with the increase of external temperature, one side of the film is opened for ventilation and cooling during the day, and the film is sealed for heat preservation in the evening. The film was removed when the temperature was stable above 20 ℃ in the middle of April. The air temperature of summer lotus root is high in the early stage of transplanting, which can be used for shading and heat insulation to prevent the water temperature from getting too high and to inhibit the growth of weeds.

2.6 Water and fertilizer management

The water layer of spring lotus root was kept at 3 ~ 5 cm from planting stage to budding stage, 5 ~ 10 cm from standing leaves to sealing stage, 10 ~ 20 cm from sealing to lotus root stage, and 5 ~ 10 cm at lotus root stage. Water control and growth control in late May to promote the expansion of new lotus root. In the early stage of summer lotus root planting, when there is a high temperature of more than 35 ℃, deep water should be irrigated to protect the buds and promote the early growth and rapid development of seedlings. Keep the water depth above 10 cm during overwintering. Spring lotus root is generally topdressing 3 times, the first time in the standing leaf 1 ~ 2, urea 15 ~ 20 kg; per 667m ~ 2 before the second closure, every 667m ~ 2 compound fertilizer 20 ~ 25 kg; the third time in the termination of leaf appearance, every 667m ~ 2 20 ~ 30 kg, potassium sulfate 5 ~ … 10 kg, put shallow field water before fertilization, let fertilizer be sucked into the soil, and then irrigate back to the original water level. fertilization should be carried out in sunny and windless weather, which should not be carried out at noon. Summer lotus root was topdressing with compound fertilizer for 50 kg after transplanting.

2.7 Disease and pest control

The main diseases are blight, brown spot and rot. The epidemic disease can be prevented and treated with 64% evil frost manganese zinc WP 600 times and 72% urea manganese zinc WP 800 times at the initial stage of the disease. Brown spot disease was prevented and treated with 50% mancozeb WP 500 times, 30% difenoconazole EC 1500 times, 50% prochloraz manganese salt WP 1500 times at the initial stage of the disease. Spoilage disease, when a small amount occurs, remove the diseased plant in time, take it out of the field and destroy it, and spread quicklime on and around the disease hole. 98% chlorpromazine SP can be used. 3,000,30% difenoconazole EC 1500 times, 50% prochloraz manganese salt WP 1500 times solution, etc., can also be mixed with the above medicament soil in 1 ~ 2 leaves stage, 5 ~ 6 leaves stage all over the field. The main pests are aphids and Spodoptera litura. Aphids can be alternately controlled with 70% amyl EC 4000 times and 10% enrifamide AS 2000 times, and Spodoptera litura can be alternately controlled with 5% EC 1000 times and 20% chlorobenzamide SC 2000 times from the peak egg hatching period to the peak period of 1st and 2nd instar larvae.

2.8 timely harvest

Spring lotus root is harvested from late May to mid-June when there are many terminating leaves in the field. Summer lotus root began to be harvested in mid-and late August. For lotus root harvesting, the harvest period can be extended to the first ten days of April of the following year.

(3) Open field cultivation

3.1 Variety selection

A series of early-maturing, medium-maturing and high-yield Elian varieties, such as' Elian 6', 'Elian 7', 'Elian 9' (giant), as well as' Piaohua lotus root', 'Donghe early lotus root' and so on.

3.2 Land selection and preparation

Strict selection of land, the field requires adequate water, drainage and irrigation, rich in organic matter, soft soil. 10 ~ 15 days before planting, lotus root was irrigated and ploughed. 2000 ~ 2500 kg of mature organic fertilizer, 75 kg of quicklime, 50 kg of compound fertilizer, 50 kg of superphosphate and zinc sulfate were applied every 667m2. 2 kg, 2 kg borax, then ploughing and raking flat.

3.3 colonization

Before planting, the selection and treatment of lotus root can be cultivated in greenhouse. From mid-late March to early April, the plant spacing was 1.5 ~ 2 m × 1 m, 300 ~ 400 holes were planted per 667 m ~ 2, and 1 whole lotus root or 2 seed lotus roots were discharged from each hole. When planting, all sides of the lotus root head are facing the field, and when the lotus root head is opposite in the middle of the field, increase the line spacing.

3.4 ploughing and weeding

The planting lotus root was ploughed and weeded once after planting for 15 days. When there are many weeds, the weeds are weeded once every 10 days, and the intertillage weeding is stopped after the lotus leaves are closed. Weeding should be operated in shallow water, and attention should be paid to both sides of the rolled leaves. Do not hurt the lotus root whip. The weeds and withered floating leaves can be stuffed into the mud as fertilizer.

3.5 turning lotus root tip

When the rolled leaf is 1 m away from the edge of the field, in order to prevent the lotus root shoot from crossing the ridge of the field, the lotus root tip near the ridge is transferred to the field at any time, and the shoot is turned every 2 ~ 3 days during the peak growth period. The tip of lotus root should be carried out in the afternoon to avoid breaking.

3.6 Water and fertilizer management

It can be cultivated in greenhouse.

3.7 the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests can refer to greenhouse cultivation.

3.8 timely harvest

Early-maturing varieties were harvested from late June to mid-July, while mid-maturing varieties were harvested in July. The harvest begins in the middle of the year and ends before the middle of August.