Breeding methods and pest control and cultivation techniques of rare flower shrub hedgehog fruit

Breeding methods and pest control and cultivation techniques of rare flower shrub hedgehog fruit

1 biological characteristics

1.1 morphological characteristics

Hedgehog fruit, shrubs or small trees, up to 3 m tall; young branches reddish brown, old branches exfoliated; leaves opposite, short stalked, ovate-oblong, 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, base subrounded, margin sparsely shallowly dentate or subentire Cymes born at the top of lateral branches, Corolla bell-shaped, apex 5-lobed, pink to pink, pedicel and pericarp densely covered with spiny bristles, shaped like a hedgehog, strange shape, hence the name; flowering from April to May; fruiting from August to September.

1.2 growth habits

Hedgehog is a xerophytic to mesophytic plant, with the characteristics of cold tolerance and drought tolerance. It is a light-loving tree species, tolerant to semi-shade, grows weakly under shade conditions, and cannot blossom normally. It can grow normally in the barren and dry sunny slope, but in the place with too much relative humidity and too much rainfall, the root system is easy to rot, and it is easy to suffer from diseases and insect pests. The fruit of hedgehog fruit has spiny hairs, which can spread over a long distance with the help of wild animals, expanding its distribution range; but because its seed coat is hard, empty and shriveled, and the fruit thorn is often hooked on other plants, it can not fall to the ground. sometimes although it can fall to the ground, its seeds can not germinate normally because of dry soil or excessive moisture and other reasons. Therefore, the natural regeneration seedlings of general hedgehog fruit are very few, usually root tiller seedlings, thus limiting the expansion and development of its population.

1.3 Distribution

Hedgehog is a warm temperate species, which generally grows in barren slopes, forest margins, roadsides, ditches or shrubs at an altitude of 350 to 1 500 m. The distribution area generally belongs to the semi-humid and semi-arid climate with dry cold in winter and spring, hot and rainy in summer and autumn. The lowest temperature of hedgehog capacity is-21 ℃, and the annual precipitation in the distribution area is 500 to 1 100 mm, mostly from July to August [3]. Anhui Province is mainly distributed in Jinzhai and Huoshan in the Dabie Mountains, but it has also been found in the southern mountains of Guichi Laoshan and Dongzhi County in recent years. According to the field investigation, it is generally scattered in the thickets on the side of the roadside in the mountain area and the ditch edge of the valley.

2Seedling breeding

2.1 sowing and raising seedlings

2.1.1 seed collection

Generally from late September to mid-October, the seeds will be harvested in time after the seeds turn yellow completely. The empty rate of hedgehog seed is high, the 1000-seed weight is 0.31 g, the seed plumpness rate is about 10%, and the germination rate is about 10%, so more seeds should be collected according to the seedling scale.

2.1.2 sowing method

The main results are as follows: (1) Direct seeding method: that is, sowing directly in the nursery after seed harvest, which can reduce the workload of seed treatment. However, in order to improve the germination rate of seeds, it is generally necessary to clean seeds and other simple methods.

(2) greenhouse sowing method: gently crush the collected seeds, take out the seeds, wash and dry them with water, and soak the seeds in 45 ℃ warm water for 3 hours (because the hedgehog seeds have certain physiological dormancy, the inhibitory substances producing physiological dormancy exist in the endosperm, and the physiological dormancy can be effectively relieved by wet sand storage or gibberellin treatment). After being removed, the seeds were sprayed with 100 mg/L gibberellin solution, then stored in wet sand for 30 days, and the seeds were sown in a simple greenhouse after germination. The seeds of hedgehog seeds are very small, so the seedbed should be carefully cultivated and the surface of the bed should be leveled. In order to sow evenly, the seeds can be uniformly mixed with fine sand, sowed on the seedling bed, covered with a thin layer of burning soil with a thickness of about 0.5 cm, and then set up a small arch shed on the seedling bed and covered with thin film, which can not only increase the ground temperature, but also maintain a high relative humidity. Generally, after sowing for 15 days, the soil can be germinated, and the plastic arch shed can be removed after the seedlings come out. Because it is cultivated in the greenhouse, fertilizer and water management must be meticulous. When the seedlings grow to 4-5 cm, interseedlings can be carried out. If the seedlings are unevenly distributed, they can be combined with inter-seedlings for transplanting. After transplanting, they must be watered and sprinkled with a fine-hole spray can. In order to accelerate the growth of seedlings, some fertilizers can be applied after the seedlings, and the principle of fertilization is a small amount and many times [4].

(3) Spring sowing method: after the fruit was harvested in autumn, the fruit was spread out for 1-2 days, then threshed, cleaned and stored in a sack in a dry and ventilated place. Before sowing the seeds in March of the following year, soak them in 45 ℃ warm water for 24 hours, remove them to dry slightly, treat them with ABT 1 rooting powder for 50 mg/L for 40 hours, remove them and dry them, mix the seeds with fine sand for 24 hours and sow them, and cover a thin layer of fine soil. Set up a small arch shed on the seedling bed, and then lay a sunshade net on it. Generally, the seedlings emerged after 20 days, and all the seedlings came out after 30 days and 35 days. Remove the film on cloudy and rainy days or in the evening, and continue to shade the sunshade net. When the seedlings grow to 3: 5 cm high, the sunshade net can be removed and managed according to the conventional method.

Generally, the seedling height can reach 3050 cm in the same year and can be cultivated for 2 years. When the seedling height reaches more than 120 cm, it can be planted out of the nursery.

2.2 Cuttage seedling

Because of the poor seed quality and irregular emergence of hedgehog seeds, it is difficult to produce high-quality seedlings, so softwood cuttings are generally used to produce high-quality seedlings, while hardwood cuttings have a low survival rate and are generally not used in production. The suitable seedling bed for cutting seedlings is sandy loam.

2.2.1 picking strips

Cutting should be carried out within 20-30 days after flowering. When the diameter of the branch reaches more than 0.3 cm and the middle and lower part of the branch begins to Lignification, the branches can be collected and cut into cuttings with a length of 10-15 cm, leaving 2-3 pairs of leaves in the upper part. If two pairs of leaves in the middle and upper part of the cuttings are too large, they can be cut small properly, or only two pairs of large leaves in the upper part of the cuttings should be left to cut off all the leaves in the middle and lower parts of the cuttings, and the cut under the cuttings should be cut oblique at about 0.2 cm below the node. In order to prevent water loss and wilting of cuttings and affect the survival rate, running water operation can be adopted in the process of cutting, cutting and cutting. in this process, the shading and moisturizing of branches should always be maintained. The cutting time can last until the first and middle of October, so cuttings can be picked many times in the whole growing period to cultivate a large number of seedlings.

2.2.2 Cuttage and management

The cut cuttings were soaked in 500 mg/L ABT No. 1 rooting powder for 10 seconds, then cut neatly on the seedling bed according to the density of 10 cm × 25 cm, and the cutting depth was 3 ~ 5 cm. After insertion, a thin-hole spray can is used to pour enough water, a small arch shed is set up on the seedling bed, and a sunshade net is laid above the arch shed. The seedling bed should be kept moist. Generally, the cuttings begin to take root after 20 days, the two ends of the arch shed can be opened for ventilation, and then 10 days later, the arch shed can be removed, and the fertilizer can be applied twice properly to reduce the watering times. The Beginning of Autumn can remove the sunshade net and spray some phosphorus and potash fertilizer on the leaves to promote the Lignification of the seedlings. The Autumn Equinox cuttage, due to the drop in air temperature, can not meet the requirements of twig rooting, must take measures to increase the temperature, seedling bed set up a plastic greenhouse for heat preservation. When the temperature in the greenhouse gradually rose to more than 20 ℃ in spring, the cuttings continued to heal and take roots. by late March or early April, the root system of cuttings had been basically full, and leaf buds had begun to sprout, so it was necessary to transplant them in time. The row spacing of the plant transplanted in the field is 50 cm × 80 cm. When transplanting, the root system should be kept intact, dipped in mud, and the branches should be re-cut to reduce leaf transpiration. At the same time, the seedling bed should be shaded by a sunshade net for about 7 days, so that the transplanted seedlings can slow down as soon as possible. The seedlings grow in the field environment for at least 1 ~ 2 years, and can be planted out of the nursery when each plant has more than 5 branches, crown width 80 cm and plant height 120 cm.

2.3 split root propagation

Split-root propagation is generally used in a small number of seedlings, mainly because there are too few root tillers in the wild. Root-splitting propagation can be carried out in both spring and autumn. Before sprouting in spring or after falling leaves in autumn, the sprouting tillers around the roots of hedgehog are dug up and planted separately with roots, or the whole mother plant is dug up and split into several clumps with 2-3 branches per clump with some roots, and it is best to plant with a small amount of persistent soil to strengthen water and fertilizer management and make it easy to survive. If it is planted in autumn, it can be planted in spring, and it is easier to survive [Jishan Huayao].

(3) Disease and pest control

Hedgehog fruit has fewer diseases and insect pests, and aphids are occasionally harmed in May-June and autumn, which can be sprayed with 10% imidacloprid 2000 times solution. Brown spot is also a common disease of hedgehog fruit. 50% carbendazim and 70% chlorothalonil can be sprayed with 1 ∶ 1 ∶ 500 solution and sprayed again in about 15 days.